清前期滇西南地区的政治生态与边疆治理——以顺宁府为中心的历史人类学考察

The Political Ecology and the Governance of Border Area of Southwestern Yunnan in Early Qing Dynasty--An Investigation Centered on Shunning Prefecture from the Perspective of Historical Anthropology

清前期滇西南地区出现的社会变乱以及王朝的种种应对措施,促成了该区域社会全方位的互动和整合。在经历了改土归流、土司动乱、族群冲突等一系列社会起伏、动荡后,滇西南社会内部更多的是以经济、文化渗透融合的方式缓慢地发生变化,呈现出区域族群、社会逐渐整合进王朝国家的历史进程——“边疆内地化”的进程。这个过程虽然表现为清王朝“自上而下”的开发治理活动,但实际上它并不是王朝主动征服与地方被动接受的过程,而是边疆社会与王朝之间的双向调适和彼此互动的结果。从这个意义上说,清前期滇西南社会的政治生态及其变迁,反映了国家力量支配下边疆政治体系建构的内在逻辑,同时也是边疆社会文化与族群身份重构的具体表现。

The social unrest in the southwestern Yunnan in early Qing Dynasty and its corresponding measures taken by the dynasty government have promoted all-round social interaction and integration in this region.After a series of social changes and unrest like bureaucratization of native officers,turmoils of Tusi and ethnic conflicts,the inner society of southwestern Yunnan has changed slowly more in the the way of economic and cultural penetration and integration.The ethnic groups in the region and the whole society are gradually integrated into the historical course of the dynasty's governance--the course of“the internalization of border area”.Although this course seems to be a“top-down”process of development and governance,it's actually the result of interaction and mutual adaption between the frontier society and dynasty rather than an active conquest by the dynasty and passive submission of the region.In this sense,the political ecology and its changes of the southwestern Yunnan in the early Qing Dynasty not only reflect the inner logic of political system in the border area governed by the national power,but also specifically present the culture and rebuilding process of the ethnic identities in the area.