法人本质学说的法律技术和价值理念

The Legal Technology and Value Idea and Politics of the Corporate Essence Theories

要探究法人本质论争的实质,就有必要揭示其社会背景,这就是近代以来社会组织的现代化变迁。面对这一历史变迁,萨维尼一方面维护封建团体的特权地位,故主张其具有完全超越于其成员的独立本体和伦理人格;另一方面又认为新兴团体虽然具有独立本体,但并不具备伦理人格,其法律人格源于国家的拟制。耶林则将绝对主义观念贯彻到底,彻底解构法人的实体性,完全否认法人的主体地位,因而认为所有法人都没有独立本体,真正的主体是法人的成员或受益人,法人只是一个拟制的法律符号;而基尔克则认为法人不仅具有独立本体,还有伦理人格,其法律人格只是伦理人格在法律上的体现。可见,法人本质的论争不仅是关于法人本质的法律技术之争,也是对于法人人格的哲学和伦理价值之争。

To explore the essence of the corporate essence debate,we should reveal its social background,which was the modernization transition of social organization since the modern times.In the face of this transition,Savigny adhered to absolutism on the one hand,safeguarded dependent status of the feudal bodies on the other hand.So his corporate theory maintained that the old corporations have independent noumenon and ethical personality absolutely beyond their members;but the new corporations have no ethical personality though they have independent noumenon,so their legal personality is a fiction by state.Jhering implemented absolutism thoroughly,deconstructed and denied the corporate status comprehensively.And believed that all the corporations have no independent noumenon,the true subject is their member or beneficiary,the legal person merely is fictional legal symbol.While Gierke assertedthe corporations have both independent noumenon and ethical personality,their legal personality simply is the legal reflection of their ethical personality.Therefore,the corporate debate is not only a legal technicaldebate on corporate essence,but also ethical values a debate on corporate personality.