国际法的普遍性:过去、现在与未来

The Universality of International Law:Past,Reality and Future

普遍性很大程度上决定了国际法的基础、标准以及方向。可以从主体、标准与观念三个方面理解普遍性。普遍性具有正当性,但它是有限度的。历史上,西方大国利用普遍性很大程度上决定了其与非西方国家之间的法律关系,严重损害了国际法律秩序的公正性与合理性。20世纪,社会主义国家和发展中国家分别试图重塑国际法的普遍性,但未取得预期效果。当前,国际法普遍性的作用与运用更加复杂,也迎来被重塑的新机遇。倡导包容性是中国关于国际法普遍性的整体主张与实践的组成部分,恰当地理解包容性应当结合国际法普遍性的视角。中国倡导包容性的过程既是重塑普遍性的过程,也应当是重塑包容性的过程。

Universality largely determines the foundation,standard as well as direction of international law.It can be explored from three perspective of subject,standard and ideology.It has the legitimacy,which is limited.Historically,the western powers framed the legal relations with non-western world largely by relying on universality,which seriously damaged the fairness of international legal order.In the twentieth century,socialist states and developing sates endeavored to reframe the universality of international law respectively but did not achieve as expected.There is another time to reframe the universality of international law,which becomes more complicated in terms of influence and application.The appeal for inclusiveness constitutes a part of China’s position in relation to the universality of international law.A proper understanding of inclusiveness should duly consider universality.China’s appeal for inclusiveness is a process of reframing the universality as well as the inclusiveness itself.