旱地小麦高产稳产提质增效栽培技术研究

Study on Cultivation Technique of High and Stable Yield and Quality Improvement and Efficiency Increase of Dryland Wheat

针对旱地小麦高产稳产性差、品质不稳定等问题,2008—2019年在山西省临汾市尧都区旱地进行优质抗旱稳产型小麦品种筛选、适时耕作、分次施磷、有机肥配施、小麦适播期田间大区试验和示范应用。结果表明,在旱地小麦生产中,宜选用成穗数、穗粒数和千粒质量至少两因素较高且三因素协调的优质品种;8月上中旬深翻,有利于纳雨蓄墒,增加土壤蓄水量;深翻和播种时,各施50%磷肥处理的小麦产量和水分利用率最高;在山西省丘陵旱地区,小麦的适播期在9月28日至10月4日;施羊粪22.5 t/hm^(2)、N 150 kg/hm^(2)、P2O5105 kg/hm^(2)时增产效果最好,施猪粪22.5 t/hm^(2)、N 105 kg/hm^(2)、P2O575 kg/hm^(2)时增产效果较好,小麦的形成时间和稳定时间最长。经2017—2019年示范应用,该集成技术较采用传统技术的对照田增产最高达95.3%。

To solve the problems of poor high and stable yield and unstable quality of dryland wheat,field trials and demonstration application of high quality,stable yield,high drought tolerance wheat varieties screening,timely cultivation,phosphorus application in different times,combined application of organic fertilizer,suitable sowing date of wheat were carried out in dryland of Yaodu district,Linfen city,Shanxi province from 2008 to 2019.The results showed that in wheat production,high quality variety meant that at least two factors,the number of ears,the number of grains per spike and 1000-grain quality should be higher,and the three factors should be coordinated.Deep ploughing in the first and middle of August was beneficial to the rainfall storage and soil water storage.The wheat yield and water use efficiency were the highest under the treatment of 50%phosphate fertilizer applied at deep ploughing stage and sowing.Optimize sowing date was between September 28 and October 4 for hilly and dry areas in Shanxi province.When sheep manure 22.5 t/hm^(2),N 150 kg/hm^(2) and P2O5105 kg/hm^(2) was applied,the yield increasing effect wasthe best.When pig manure 22.5 t/hm^(2),105 kg/hm^(2) and P2O575 kg/hm^(2) were applied,the yield increasing effect was better,and the formation time and stable time were the longest.The results of demonstration application of this cultivation technique during 2017-2019 showed that the highest yield increased by 95.3%compared with the control field with traditional technology.