治理、边缘与交融:东汉时期羌人研究的几个问题

Governance,Margin and Integration:Some Issues of the Studies on the Qiang羌People in the Eastern Han Period

羌人是历史十分久远的族群,古代中国西部众多的民族都与羌人有一定的源流关系。二十四史中《后汉书》专为羌人立传,即《西羌传》,与东汉时期羌人的发展、汉羌关系成为中国民族关系的重点等历史背景相关。然而《后汉书·西羌传》中关于羌人“出自三苗”记述,受司马迁“迁三苗于三危,以变西戎”之说的影响,而该传中有关羌为“姜姓之别”的记述,实际上否定了羌源于三苗说。羌人逐水草而居的游牧文化,由其所居青藏高原东部地理环境决定。羌人不断向外发展,特别是东、西、南向发展,对中国历史上民族交融发展和民族分布格局产生了重大影响。

The Qiang people have a long history.In ancient China,many ethnic groups in West China were related to the Qiang people,considering their origins and development.Book of the Later Han composed specially a chapter for the Qiang,“Account of the Xiqiang People”,the only zhuan传(biography)for the Qiang in the Twenty-Four Official Histories on the historic context of the development of the Qiang,and the change of the focus of the ethnic relationship of ancient china,that is,the relationship between the Qiang and Eastern Han Dynasty in the Eastern Han period had become more important than that in the West Han period.The records of the Qiang people in Book of the Later Han were influenced by Sima Qian’s description that“the Sanmiao三苗was relocated to Sanwei三危Mountain Region to become the Xirong西戎.”On the other hand,Book of the Later Han has the description of“the Qiang being another group of the Jiang姜,”which actually denies the argument that the Qiang originated from the Sanmiao.The Qiang people’s nomadic culture from place to place to find water and food was dictated by the geographic factors of the eastern Qianghai-Tibet Plateau.The Qiang people moved especially eastward,westward and southward,and their outward migration greatly influenced the integration and distribution of ethnic groups in the history of China.