唐代的奏彈及其運作

A Study on Zou Tan and its Operation in Tang Dynasty

奏彈是唐代的六種上行公文之一,其行用範圍與朝參制度及御史所獲百僚不法信息的來源有關,唐代奏彈的書式與《養老公式令》所載奏彈式存在一定的區别,奏彈的内容結構在唐代前後期有所變化,正文中標榜道德倫理觀念的文字在唐後期有所弱化,其標識御史彈奏依據的功能爲稱引法令條文的内容所取代。奏彈的文書形態與推勘後的奏狀呈現出較大的差異,《元稹集》所收兩篇彈奏狀屬於推勘後的奏狀而非奏彈。奏彈具有無需門下省審核,直呈皇帝的特點,作爲一種上行公文,奏彈行用在禮制層面的意義可能要高於其實際的行政意義。

Zou tan is one of the six upward government documents in Tang Dynasty. The applicable range of zou tan is related to the court attendance system and the source of information about the officials’ criminal action. There are some differences in the format between zou tan in Tang Dynasty and zou tan recorded by Yoro Code. The structure of zou tan has changed from early to late Tang Dynasty. The part of words advertising morality and ethics is weakened,which is replaced by the quoted decrees in order to explain the legal grounds of impeachment in late Tang Dynasty. Zou tan is different from zou zhuang submitted to emperors after trial,while the two articles related to impeachment in Yuan Zhen Collection are zou zhuang submitted after trial not zou tan. Zou tan needs not to be examined by Chancellery and can be submitted to emperors directly. As a kind of upward official document,the ritual significance of zou tan may be higher than its administrative significance.