1855年黄河北徙对山东运河漕运的影响与官方应对——以黄运交汇处和山东运河北段为中心的考察

The Impact of the Northern Migration of the Yellow River on the Canal Transport in Shandong Province in 1855 and the Official Response: An Investigation Centered on the Huangyun Intersection and the Northern Section of the Shandong Canal

作为黄河变迁史上的最后一次大迁徙,1855年黄河决口北徙给铜瓦厢以下沿黄区域的地理环境带来很大影响,山东运河即为受影响较大的对象之一。本文以黄运交汇处和山东运河北段为研究重点,对黄河北徙给山东运河漕运带来的影响与官方应对,进行了复原和分析。在黄运交汇处,黄河分多股岔流与运道相交,由于泥沙严重淤积,加之黄河各岔道的径流与汛情变化较大,致使此间漕运极为艰难,南北运口及两运口间漕运线路亦因之发生多次改变。黄河北徙后,在借黄济运的形势下,山东运河北段淤积亦较重。同、光之际,清廷围绕该段运道的水源问题,先后多次对导卫济运的奏请进行讨论,但均由于各方案对运、卫间地理形势、卫河径流特征等因素考虑不足而未能施行。

As the last great migration in the history of the change of the Yellow River,the northward migration of the Yellow River in 1855 had a great impact on the geographical environment of the area along the Yellow River below Tongwaxiang,and the Shandong Canal was one of the most affected objects. Taking the Huangyun Intersectionand the northern section of the Shandong Canal as the research focus,the impact of the northward migration of the Yellow River on the water transportation of the Shandong Canal and the official response were restored and analyzed. At the intersection of the Yellow River and the Grand Canal,there were many branches of the Yellow River. Because of the serious siltation of the sediment and the great changes of the runoff and flood conditions of the Yellow River,it made the water transport here extremely difficult,meanwhile,the waterway routes between the North and South ports and the two ports had changed many times. After the northward migration of the Yellow River,the northern section of the Shandong Canal was also heavily silted under the situation of borrowing water from the Yellow River for transportation. From Tongzhi to Guangxu Period,around the water source problem of this section of the transport channel,many discussions had been held on the memorial to the throne of drawing water from the Wei River into the Grand Canal. However,due to insufficient consideration of the factors such as the geographical situation between the canal and the Wei River and the runoff characteristics of the Wei River,none of the programmes had been implemented.