《著作权法》修改:关键条款的解读与分析(下)

The Revision of the Copyright Law:Interpretation and Analysis of the Key Provisions(PartⅡ)

修改后的《著作权法》将视听作品分为"电影作品、电视剧作品及其他视听作品",并分别规定了不同的著作权归属规则,但两类视听作品分类标准不明,且对其他视听作品采用约定优先的著作权归属规则,不利于此类视听作品的许可与传播。当一名合作作者无正当理由反对对合作作品的特定利用时,其他合作作者不能发放专有许可,这可能给合作创作的学术论文和专著的出版带来负面影响。修改后的著作权法将电台、电视台和报刊通讯社员工的职务作品定为特殊职务作品,可能产生其员工离职后无法获得出版其职务作品文集所须授权的问题。新增的有关职务表演的规定合理地解决了长期以来将"演出单位"作为"表演者"的问题。对传播录音制品获酬权的规定并不是法定许可,因为《著作权法》并没有为录音制作者规定除信息网络传播权之外的传播权专有权利。修改后的《著作权法》的一大亮点是将广播组织的转播权以技术中立的方式拓展至网络环境。有关用作者的署名推定权利存在的规定,被诉侵权人应证明其使用涉案作品已获许可的规定,以及法院有权没收和销毁侵权复制品的规定,均直接来源于《中美经济贸易协定》,其中有些仅具有形式意义。修改后的《著作权法》为摄影作品享受新的保护期(作者有生之年加50年)所设定的条件与《世界知识产权组织版权条约》不一致,可能需要再次修改。

The amended Copyright Law classifies audiovisual works into cinematographic works,television works and other audiovisual works,and provides different rules of copyright ownership.But the boundary of the two types of audiovisual works is not clear.In addition,the copyright ownership of"other audiovisual works"is firstly decided by the agreement between the producer and the authors.It may create legal obstacles to the licensing and communication of"other audiovisual works".When a co-author objects to a certain use of the joint work,the other authors cannot grant exclusive license even if the objection is without reasonable grounds.It might adversely affect the publication of academic papers or books which in many cases are coauthored.The amended Copyright Law defines the works made for hire,which are created by the employees of radio and TV stations,news agencies,and journals,as"special works for hire",meaning the employers are the copyright owners of the these works.As a consequence,the employees,after quitting the job,may have difficulties obtaining licenses from their ex-employers if they want to publish the anthology of their works.The new provision on the"performance made for hire"reasonably solves the long-standing problem of treating"performer’s unit"as"performer".The provision on remuneration right for public communication of sound recordings is not a statutory license,since the Copyright Law does not provide an exclusive communication right for sound recording producers,except for the right of communication through information network.One highlight of the amended Copyright Law is to extend the retransmission right enjoyed by broadcasting organizations to the network environment by technologically neutral means.The new provisions,for example,legal presumption of copyright through the name indicated as author,the accused infringer should prove the works involved has obtained license,and courts are empowered to order forfeiture and destruction of infringing duplicates,comes directly from the Economic and Trade Agreement between China and US;and some of the provisions are nothing but nominal.The conditions imposed by the amended Copyright Law for photography works to enjoy new term of protection(author’s life plus 50 years)might violate WPPT,and likely to be further revised.