日本国会选举制度的四维演进:历史与模式

Four-dimensional Evolution of Diet of Japan's Election System:History and Patterns

尽管目前已经存在一些研究日本国会选举制度的学术作品,但由于其要么偏重历史梳理,要么只涉及1945年之后的部分内容,我们很难在政治学理论的指导下,从一些最为基础的规范维度对其进行条分缕析且前后贯通的定位与评价。因此,为尝试真正回答“日本国会选举制度经历了一个怎样的变迁历程而如今又位于何处”,本文通过完善达尔的“竞争一参与”二元框架,从更为整合的包容化、竞争化、直接化、理性化四个维度出发,分别考察自明治维新以来日本国会选举制度在这四个方面的演进情况。本文发现,日本国会选举制度遵循一种规制理性化保障下的“直接化一包容化一竞争化”逐次递进的发展模式。虽然这种模式无疑使日本的政治民主化成功,但其是否同样适用于其他国家,可能还需要更为慎重的理论与实证考量。

Although there are some academic works to study the development of the election system in the Diet of Japan,it remains difficult to analyze and evaluate the issue from some basic normative dimensions under the guidance of political theories because the emphasis is either on a historical combing or a fragmentary view after 1945.In order to answer the question of"what has happened to the election,system of the Diet of Japan and where it is now",this paper tries to perfect Dahl's dual framework of"competition-participation"from four dimensions:inclusion,competition,directness and rationalization,respectively,and examine the evolution of the Diet of Japan's election system along these four dimensions since the Meiji Restoration.The results show that the election system of the Diet of Japan follows a progressive development pattern of"directness-inclusion-competition"under the protection of regulation rationality.Although this pattern has undoubtedly brought success to Japan's political democratization,whether it applies e-qually to other countries may require more careful theoretical and empirical considerations.