论康雍乾时期清帝的治官理念——以官员选任、考核为中心

Concept of Official Governance during the Period of Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong:on the Election and Evaluation of Officials

“治人”与“治法”是中国古代探讨治国理政的重要命题。康雍乾时期,清帝对“治人”与“治法”多有提及,并体现在用人行政等方面。如何“治人”“治官”,是古代王朝用人行政的重要内容,尤其体现在官员的选任和考核方面。清帝在选拔、考核官员时,对官员操守、才具、政事、年力等方面提出要求,对官员的臣道做出价值观的界定,尤其对地方大吏选用属员做出要求,并对不同层级的官员制定相应的标准,分别管理。文官管理的实践,贯穿着清帝的治官理念,包括事君以诚,君臣一体;以人事君,察吏安民;首倡官德,重视政绩;各司其职,上下相维。清帝的治官理念有其积极因素,这种理念是否能够贯彻并发挥作用,与清朝文官管理的实践密切相关。

Official governance and system improvement were important governance concepts in ancient China.During the reign of emperors Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong(1654-1796 A.D.),such issue was often discussed and applied to the election and evaluation of officials.Officials'morality,ability,achievement and age were considered when they were elected and evaluated.Morality was emphasized and the ability of selecting qualified personnel was required too.Different qualities were required for different positions.The practice of civil official management mirrored the emperors'concept of official governance.Officials were required to be loyal to the emperor.They should elect qualified staff and monitor the illegal ones.Morality and ability were both important.Officials in various positions had their own duties and responsibilities.Though the emperors'concept of official governance played positive role during the reign of Kangxi,Yongzheng and Qianlong,it was in fact subject to the practice of civil official management.