隋代的历法竞争——以《开皇历》为中心的考察

The Competition of Calendar System in the Sui Dynasty——An exploration centered on Kaihuang Calendar

由隋代道士张宾领衔制定的《开皇历》是隋代颁行的第一部历法。《开皇历》颁行后,受到刘孝孙、刘焯和张胄玄等历法家的激烈批评。针对刘孝孙等人的批评,张宾集团进行了积极回应。经过长达十数年的历法竞争,张胄玄制定的历法最终取代《开皇历》,张宾集团受到沉重打击。文中首先考察了张宾其人及《开皇历》的制定过程,然后依次考察了刘孝孙和刘焯对《开皇历》的批评和张宾集团的回应,刘孝孙和张胄玄对《开皇历》的批评和张宾集团的回应以及张胄玄历最终代替《开皇历》的过程。文中讨论表明,隋代围绕《开皇历》展开的历法竞争并不仅仅是各部历法科学水平高低的较量,更是一场科学、政治与宗教等多种因素参与其中的博弈。因此,一部历法在竞争中能否胜出并获得颁行,往往取决于皇帝的个人偏好、历法的科学水平、历法家的个人魅力以及朝廷重臣的支持等众多因素。

Kaihuang Calendar,formulated by Taoist Zhang Bin of the Sui Dynasty,was the first calendar promulgated in the Sui Dynasty.After the promulgation of the calendar,it was severely criticized by calendar masters such as Liu Xiaosun,Liu Zhuo and Zhang Zhouxuan.In response to the criticism from Liu Xiaosun and others,the Zhang Bin Group responded actively.After more than ten years of competition in the calendar,Zhang Zhouxuan’s calendar finally replaced Kaihuang Calendar and the Zhang Bin group suffered a heavy blow.This paper first examines the process of formulating the calendar by Zhang Bin and his group,then examines the criticism of the calendar by Liu Xiaosun and Liu Zhuo,the response of Zhang Bin’s group,the criticism of the calendar by Liu Xiaosun and Zhang Zhouxuan,and the process by which Zhang Zhouxuan’s calendar eventually replaced Kaihuang Calendar.The discussion in this paper shows that the competition over Kaihuang Calendar in the Sui Dynasty was not only a contest of the scientific level of each calendar,but also a game in which many factors such as science,politics,and religion were involved.Therefore,whether a calendar could win the competition and be promulgated often depended on the personal preference of the emperor,the scientific level of the calendar,the charisma of the calendarist,and the support of important officials of the court.