《民法典》瑕疵履行违约责任条款评注

Comments on Clauses of Defective Performance of Liability for Breach of Contract in Civil Code of the People's Republic of China

《民法典》第五百八十二条是关于合同瑕疵履行违约责任的规定,包括违约责任情形、约定违约责任和法定违约责任。相较于《合同法》第一百一十一条的规定,本条将适用违约情形的范围从“质量不符合约定”扩展到“履行不符合约定”,其中涉及物的瑕疵担保责任是否独立的争论。在实际适用中,约定违约责任优先于法定违约责任,但须对格式条款和减免责条款作效力判断;法定违约责任侧重于对各类补救措施进行定性,并确定修理、重作、更换原则上优先于减少价款和退货的适用顺序。此外,本条与加害给付、缔约过失责任和“三包”规定存在竞合关系,须依具体情形判断是否适用。

Article 582 of Civil Code of the People's Republic of China is about the liability for breach of contract,including the liability for breach of contract,agreed liability for breach of contract and legal liability for breach of contract.Compared with the provisions of Article 111 of the Contract Law,this article extends the breach of contract from"non-conforming quality"to"non-conforming performance",and involves the argument of whether the warranty liability for defects is independent.The agreement liability for breach of contract has priority over the legal liability for breach of contract,but the standard clause and the exemption clause should be judged.The focus of legal liability for breach of contract is to determine the nature of all kinds of remedial measures,and determine the priority of repair,rework,replacement in principle over the price reduction and return of the applicable order.If this article has concomitant relation with injurious payment,contracting fault liability and"three guarantees",it shall be judged whether it is applicable according to specific circumstances.