异质性科技人力资源集聚及影响因素研究

The Agglomeration of Heterogeneous S&T Human Resources and Its Influencing Factors

近年来各地方政府出台了大量人才政策,政策重点从以往的聚焦高层次人才引进培养转向形成覆盖高层次科技人才、青年人才、甚至应届本科生和研究生的"顶天立地"人才政策体系,以形成地区科技人力资源集聚规模优势。由于我国尚未建立科技人力资源统计规范和制度,以往相关研究主要采用研究与试验发展(R&D)人员等范围较窄的统计指标进行替代,难以适应国家和地区人才宏观管理需要。因此基于经济合作与发展组织(OECD)提出的科技人力资源内涵界定,探索提出适应我国基础统计资料现状的地区科技人力资源测算方法,测算2001—2017年我国30个省份(因数据缺失,不包括西藏地区和港澳台地区)科技人力资源规模和结构,认为我国科技人力资源仍呈现东部高度集聚,中、西部规模较小的特征。进一步构建面板模型实证检验科技人力资源聚集的影响因素,结果表明地区经济发展、产业规模、创新活力、文化教育和居住环境是核心层科研人员集聚的重要因素,但范围更广大的科技人力资源集聚与地区薪酬水平、研发投入强度和生活成本不相关;高技术产业规模、文化教育水平是东、中、西部科技人力资源集聚的共同影响因素,此外东部地区受到地区薪酬水平、创新活力和生活成本影响更显著,西部地区则仍受到地区经济发展的显著影响。因此,本文建议经济发达的东部地区继续充分发挥市场机制配置人力资源的基础作用,中、西部地区重视打造科技人才事业发展平台,逐步减少政策对人才流动的直接干预,通过科技力量布局倾斜间接引导人才向西部地区集聚。

In recent years,local governments have introduced a large number of talent policies,hoping to form the scale advantage of regional S&T human resources by establish talent policy system which covering top S&T talents,young researchers,and even the undergraduate and graduate students.To meet the needs of national and regional talents macro management,the measurement method of regional S&T human resources is put forward based on the definition of OECD,and adapts to the current situation of China’s basic statistical data.The regional distribution of China’s S&T human resources is still very uneven,and highly concentrated in the eastern region,brain drain in the central and western regions are still serious.According to the empirical research results of influencing factors,regional economic development,the scale of high‐tech industry,regional higher education,regional innovation capability and the living environment have significant impact on R&D professionals.But for the wider S&T human resources,the R&D investment and income has low correlation with the agglomeration.The scale of high‐tech industry and the level of regional higher education are common agglomeration factors in different region,while eastern S&T talents agglomeration are also significantly influenced by salary,life cost and regional innovation capability,and western S&T talents pay more attention to the regional economic development.The developed eastern region continues need to let the market mechanism play the basic role in the allocation of human resources.The central and western regions may need to attach great importance to building a platform for the S&T talents,gradually reduce the direct intervention of policies on the flow of talents,and indirectly guide talents to gather through the layout of S&T forces.