秸秆还田配合施肥措施对玉米产量及耕层土壤质量的影响

Effects of straw returning cooperated with fertilizer practice on yield of maize and soil quality of tillage layer

通过分析不同施肥措施玉米耕层土壤碳、氮含量及相关关键酶活性和产量特征,探讨秸秆全量还田条件下不同施肥措施玉米产量差异的形成原因,为进一步提升黑龙江省第一积温带玉米耕层土壤生产能力提供理论和技术支持。试验以黑龙江省第一积温带主栽品种京农科728为试验材料,采用大区对比试验设计,设置掺混肥+尿素(NHF)、碳基肥+尿素(TJF)和控释肥(KSF)3个施肥措施,研究了秸秆还田配合施肥措施对玉米耕层土壤碳、氮含量及相关关键酶活性和产量的影响,分析了秸秆还田配合施肥措施玉米耕层土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、碱解氮、微生物量氮含量和土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、纤维素酶、蔗糖酶活性的变化规律。结果表明,与NHF相比,灌浆期TJF土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了7.67%、7.29%,土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤碱解氮、土壤微生物量氮含量分别提高了1.97%、7.77%、7.29%、6.28%,土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤纤维素酶、土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高了23.29%、5.92%、7.97%、15.70%;KSF土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量碳含量分别提高了10.80%、10.86%,土壤铵态氮、土壤硝态氮、土壤碱解氮、土壤微生物量氮含量分别提高了21.39%、12.30%、31.97%、21.08%,土壤脲酶、土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤纤维素酶、土壤蔗糖酶活性分别提高了25.81%、24.35%、12.76%、18.93%。与NHF相比,TJF、KSF产量分别提高了1.99%和13.24%。本研究推荐,秸秆全量还田条件下黑龙江省第一积温带玉米生产适宜施肥模式为70 cm宽行+40 cm窄行大垄双行种植,配施控释肥600 kg/hm^(2)。

In order to investigate the formation reasons of maize yield with different fertilizer practices in the first accumulative temperate zone in Heilongjiang province,the content of carbon and nitrogen,activities of related key enzymes in surface soil and yields under different fertilizer patterns were analyzed under the condition of full straw returning to provide theoretical and technical support for enhancements of maize production capacity.Using the introduced cultivation variety Jingnongke 728 in the first accumulated temperature zone of Heilongjiang province as experimental materials and adopting the plot contrast design,the treatments of farmer fertilizer+urea(NHF),carbon basal fertilizer+urea(TJF)and controlled release fertilizer(KSF)were built.Effects of straw returning cooperated with different fertilizer practice on the content of carbon and nitrogen,activities of related key enzymes in surface soil and yield were studied.Meanwhile,the change rules of soil physicochemical indexes of organic carbon,microbial carbon,ammonia nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen,available nitrogen,microbial nitrogen and activities of urease,protease,cellulase and invertase in surface soil were analyzed.The results showed as follows:Compared with NHF,content of soil organic carbon and soil microbial biomass carbon of TJF in grain filling stage increased by 7.67%and 7.29%,content of soil ammonium nitrogen,soil nitrate nitrogen,soil available nitrogen and soil microbial biomass nitrogen increased by 1.97%,7.77%,7.29%and 6.28%,and activities of soil urease,soil catalase,soil cellulase and soil sucrase increased by 23.29%,5.92%,7.97%and 15.70%respectively;content of soil organic carbon and soil microbial biomass carbon of KSF in grain filling stage increased by 10.80%and 10.86%,content of soil ammonium nitrogen,soil nitrate nitrogen,soil available nitrogen and soil microbial biomass nitrogen increased by 21.39%,12.30%,31.97%and 21.08%,activities of soil urease,soil catalase,soil cellulase and soil sucrase increased by 25.81%,24.35%,12.76%and 18.93%respectively.Yield of TJF and KSF increased by 1.99%and 13.24%respectively.The study recommends the suitable cultivation model for maize production in the first accumulative temperate zone in Heilongjiang province is the double rows planting which means that one 70 cm wide row with 40 cm narrow row,assisting in the application of 600 kg/hm^(2)controlled release fertilizer under the condition of full straw returning.