马基雅维里的新德性观

From“Appears to Be Good”to“Really Good”:Machiavelli’s New Virtues

马基雅维里在《君主论》中对政治与道德关系的论述,被视为开创了一条通向近代政治科学的新道路。而且,不同于主流的国家理性学说的解读,马基雅维里的新政治科学之建立并非以牺牲政治领域中的道德为代价;相反,马基雅维里通过将政治与道德的标准安置在流变的经验世界的界限之内,超越了以超验的终极实在为根基的古典政治哲学:一方面解构了以终极实在为依据的永恒不变的古典德性,另一方面重构了以流变的经验世界为根基的德性。马基雅维里通过区分政治事务中的“显得好”和“真的好”,弥合了旧道德观与新政治科学之间的张力,重新安顿了道德在政治领域中的位置。

Machiavelli’s discussion about the relation between the politics and the ethics in The Prince has been taken as a new route to the modern political science.And contrasting to the preoccupant explanation of the theory of reason of state,the establishment of Machiavelli’s new political science are not at the expense of giving up virtues in political world;rather,Machiavelli transcends the classic political science grounded on the ultimately transcendent reality by building the norm of the politics and the ethics on the limit of empirical world.On one hand,he destructs the eternal unchangeable classic virtues;on the other hand,he reconstitutes virtues grounded on the empirical world.By distinguish the“really good”from“appears to be good”in political affairs,Machiavelli fills the gap between the old ethics and the new political science and refinds a place for the morality in the political field.