马克思个性观的发展历程及其当代价值

Development Process and Contemporary Value of Marx’s Personality View

"个性"是马克思人学理论中的重要概念,了解马克思对人的个性的探究历程及其个性观点是彻底掌握唯物史观的基础。马克思虽然没有为人的个性及个性发展问题专门著书立说,但"个性"一词却经常出现在马克思的众多著作中,从这些零散的论述中,我们仍然可以窥见马克思个性思想的发展历程。总的来说,马克思的个性观点呈现了"从唯心主义到唯物主义再到历史唯物主义"的发展逻辑,经历了在"自我意识"中探讨个性、在"劳动"中寻找个性、在"社会关系"中发展个性以及在"人的自由全面发展"中实现个性这四个认识阶段,这为他后来"自由个性"思想的诞生奠定了坚实的理论基础。与黑格尔、费尔巴哈的以"精神"或"类"为依托的抽象个性观不同,马克思的个性观以"现实的个人"为立足点,认为社会性是人的个性的首要特征,自主性是人的个性的重要表达,独创性是人的个性发展的高级显现。在马克思看来,"个性"不是抽象的意识流,而是根植于人类实践、与社会发展相关联的现实存在。新时代背景下,重温马克思对人的个性的探究历程及其思想本身,有利于青年树立正确的世界观,找到实现个性自由的条件和路径。

"Personality"is an important concept in Marx’s theory of humanity,and understanding Marx’s exploration of human personality and his viewpoints on personality is the basis for a thorough grasp of historical materialism.Although Marx did not write a book on human personality and personality development,the term"personality"was often employed in many of his works.From the scattered statements,we can still find the development of Marx’s view on personality.In general,Marx’s personality perspective developed"from idealism to materialism to historical materialism".It has undergone four stages:understanding personality in"self-awareness",looking for personality in"labor",developing personality in"social relationship"and realizing personality in"free and comprehensive development of human beings",which lays a solid theoretical foundation for the generation of his later"free personality"thought.Different from Hegel and Feuerbach’s abstract personality view based on"spirit"or"category",Marx’s personality view,based on"realistic individual",holds that sociality is the primary characteristics of human personality,autonomy is an important expression of human personality,and originality is the advanced manifestation of human personality development.In Marx’s view,"personality"is not an abstract stream of consciousness,but a reality rooted in human practice and associated with social development.Under the background of the new era,reviewing Marx’s exploration of human personality and his thoughts is helpful for young people to establish a correct world outlook and find conditions and ways to achieve their freedom of personality.