反思“封贡体系”:10至13世纪东亚国际体系的一个侧面

Reflection on the"Tribute System":An Aspect of the East Asian International System in the 10th to 13th Centuries

关于古代东亚国际体系理论的研究,学界已取得丰硕的成果。然而学界的研究多集中在“汉唐东亚”与“明清东亚”,根据汉唐时期或明清时期的东亚国际体系所提炼出的要素对于10至13世纪的东亚解释力不足。虽然学界关于10至13世纪东亚各政权间具体问题的探讨,为宏观探讨同时期东亚国际体系奠定坚实基础,但仍未步入理论层面。制度化的封贡体系的形成时间正是在11世纪初,即辽朝中期。缺乏对10至13世纪的东亚国际体系的整体把握,无法正确、深刻地理解东亚是怎样由“汉唐东亚”步入“明清东亚”,进而也就无法正确认知当代东亚国际问题的历史症结所在。

Research on the theory of ancient East Asian international system has yielded respectable results.However,the researches mostly focus on"East Asia in Han to Tang Dynasties"and"East Asia in Ming and Qing Dynasties",and the elements extracted from the international system of East Asia in"Han to Tang Dynasties"or"Ming and Qing Dynasties"have insufficient explanatory power for East Asia in the 10th to 13th centuries.Although scholars'discussion on specific issues among various regimes in East Asia from the 10th to 13th century laid a solid foundation for macroscopic discussion on the international system of East Asia in the same period,they still did not enter the theoretical level.It was at the beginning of the 11th century,in the middle of Liao Dynasty,that the system of systematized tribute was formed.Without an overall understanding of the east Asian international system in the 10th to 13th centuries,it is impossible to correctly and profoundly understand how East Asia moved from"East Asia in the Han to Tang dynasties"to"East Asia in the Ming and Qing Dynasties",thus it is impossible to correctly understand the historical crux of contemporary East Asian international issues.