应用3种职业健康风险评估模型评估氧化铝粉尘岗位的健康风险

A comparative study on application of three methods of occupational health risk assessment for alumina dust exposure workstations

[背景]尘肺病是我国危害最严重和最常见的职业病。磨料磨具制造行业是粉尘危害严重和尘肺病高发的行业之一。[目的]研究英国健康必需品有害物质控制方法(英国COSHH模型)、澳大利亚职业健康与安全风险评估方法(澳大利亚模型)和新加坡有害化学物质职业接触半定量风险评估方法(新加坡模型,包括接触指数法和接触比值法)3种职业健康风险评估模型在磨料磨具制造行业氧化铝粉尘岗位的适用性。[方法]选择某磨料磨具制造企业中氧化铝粉尘岗位作为研究对象,将既往发生尘肺病的成型、配料和混料岗位定为重点岗位,将其他氧化铝粉尘岗位定为非重点岗位。于2018年6月开展职业卫生现场调查和职业病危害因素检测,应用3种模型开展风险评估,对评估结果进行风险比值转换,比较重点岗位和非重点岗位粉尘浓度和风险比值的差异,对3种评估模型得出的风险比值进行Spearman相关性分析。[结果]该企业氧化铝粉尘岗位共23个,一车间A生产线成型岗位氧化铝粉尘浓度超标(4.31 mg·m^(-3)),超标率4.35%;12个重点岗位的氧化铝粉尘浓度[(1.52±1.19)mg·m^(-3)]明显高于11个非重点岗位[(0.66±0.51)mg·m^(-3)](t=2.216,P=0.038)。该企业氧化铝粉尘岗位的职业健康风险总体处于中等水平。英国COSHH模型、澳大利亚模型和新加坡模型接触指数法得出的重点岗位的风险比值(0.44±0.11、0.55±0.09、0.54±0.03)均明显高于非重点岗位(0.25±0.00、0.42±0.06、0.43±0.04),P<0.05,新加坡模型接触比值法不能区分重点岗位和非重点岗位的风险差异。3种模型得出的风险比值间具有明显的相关性,相关系数前三位分别是:RR新加坡模型接触指数法与RR澳大利亚模型(r=0.811)、RR新加坡模型接触指数法与RR英国COSHH模型(r=0.790)、RR澳大利亚模型与RR英国COSHH模型(r=0.735)。[结论]3种职业健康风险评估模型在评估方式、适用范围、危害等级判断依据、接触等级判断依据、使用对象和为降低风险水平而采取的干预措施等方面存在不同之处。英国COSHH模型、澳大利亚模型和新加坡模型接触指数法更适用于磨料磨具制造企业氧化铝粉尘岗位的职业健康风险评估。

[Background]Pneumoconiosis is the most serious and common occupational disease in China.Among the industries with se rious exposure to dust,abrasives manufa cturing industry is featured with a high incidence of pneumoconiosis.[Objective]This study is conducted to compare the applicability of three occupational health risk assessment methods,including the UK Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Essentials model(UK COSHH model),the Australian Occupational Health and Safety Risk Assessment model(Australia model),and the Singapore semi-quantitative risk assessment model of occupational exposure to chemical substances(Singapore model,including exposure index method and exposure ratio method),for alumina dust exposure workstations in abrasive manufacturing industry.[Methods]Workers exposed to alumina dust in an abrasive manufacturing company were selected as study subjects.The molding,batching,and blending workstations that reported pneumoconiosis cases were designated as key workstations,and the other alumina dust workstations as non-key workstations.Occupational health investigations and occupational hazard detections were carried out in June 2018.UK COSHH model,Australian model,and Singapore model were used to assess the occupational health risks associated with the selected workstations.The differences in dust concentrations and related risk ratios converted from assessment results were compared between key and non-key workstations.Spearman correlation analysis was performed of the risk ratios.[Results]There were 23 alumina dust exposure workstations in the selected enterprise.The concentration of alumina dust in the molding workstation of the first workshop production line A exceeded the standard(4.31 mg·m^(-3)),and the unqualified rate was 4.35%.The average dust concentration of the 12 key workstations was significantly higher than that of the 11 non-key workstations[(1.52±1.19)mg·m^(-3)vs(0.66±0.51)mg·m^(-3),t=2.216,P=0.038].The occupational health risks of the alumina dust workstations were at medium level.The risk ratios of the key workstations derived from the UK COSHH model,Australian model,and Singa pore model exposure index method(0.44±0.11,0.55±0.09,and 0.54±0.03,respectively)were significantly higher than those of the non-key workstations(0.25±0.00,0.42±0.06,and 0.43±0.04,respectively)(P<0.05).The Singa pore model exposure ratio method did not identify a risk difference between the key and the non-key workstations.There were correlations between the risk ratios of either two models,and the top three correlation coefficients(rs)were 0.811(RRSingapore model exposure indexmethod and RRAustralia model),0.790(RRSingapore model exposureindex method and RRUKCOSHH model),and 0.735(RRAustralia model and RRUKCOSHH model).[Conclusion]The three occupational health risk assessment models differ in evaluating methods,scopes,judgement basis of hazard rating,judgement basis of exposure rating,users,and intervention measures to reduce risk levels.The UK COSHH model,Australia model,and Singapore model exposure index method are more suitable for the occupational health risk assessment of alumina dust exposure workstations in abrasives manufa cturing industry.