陇东地区仰韶文化酿酒之法初探——以秦安大地湾遗址为例

On the brewing technique of the Yangshao culture in the Longdong area

以陶器残留物分析为基础,相关研究已在多个仰韶文化遗址中发现了酿酒的证据。为了解仰韶文化酿酒活动的普遍性与酿酒方法的多样性,本文将研究的地域范围拓展至陇东地区,对秦安大地湾遗址出土的小口尖底瓶、小口平底瓶和彩陶壶进行了残留物分析。三种器类上均发现了与酿酒过程有关的微体植物和微生物组合(包括淀粉粒、植硅体、酵母和霉菌),显示酿酒方法包括制作谷芽酒、麴酒和两法并用,原料以粟、黍、薏苡和小麦族等野生或驯化谷物为主,栎属、栝楼根、姜属和未知根茎类植物偶有添加。大地湾遗址的分析结果初步揭示了陇东地区的酿酒情况,并为仰韶文化的饮酒风尚增添了新证。结合以往的研究成果,黄河中上游地区以旱作农业为主要经济基础的仰韶人群使用基本一致的酿酒方法,其间或许存在着技术交流。此外,彩陶壶作为酒具的线索值得注意,可能为理解其时陇东地区的社会与文化变迁提供新的视角。

Based on the analysis of microfossil remains on pottery,recent researches have revealed the evidence of alcohol making in several sites of the Yangshao Culture.In order to learn the prevalence of alcohol production and the diversity of brewing techniques of the Yangshao Culture,this study employs residue analysis on jiandiping amphorae,pingdiping amphora and painted pottery hu pot from the Dadiwan site,Qin’an,expanding the study area to eastern Gansu.Microfossil assemblage(including starch granules,phytoliths,yeasts and molds)related to brewing process are detected in all three vessel types,indicate that three brewing techniques were practiced in Dadiwan:using malted cereals,using qu starter and using both of them.The main ingredients were wild or domesticated cereals identifiable as foxtail millet,broomcorn millet,Job’s tears and Triticeae seeds.Acorn,snake gourd root,ginger and some unidentified tubers also were utilized occasionally.These results for the first time shed light on the alcohol production in eastern Gansu and add new evidence to drinking culture of Yangshao people.Combined with previous study results,it suggests that Yangshao people of upper and middle Yellow River region,who engaged in intensive millet farming subsistence,shared the similar brewing techniques,which might have involved technical communication.In addition,the clue of painted pottery hu pot as brewing vessel is worthy of attention.This phenomenon may provide new perspectives to understand sociocultural change in eastern Gansu at this time.