试论早期佛陀、菩萨像名实不符的现象——以早期金铜佛像为中心

On the name confusion between early Buddha and Bodhisattva statues

早期金铜佛像和造像碑上至少发现佛、菩萨造像与铭文混淆现象15例,分6种类型,年代从北魏晚期至隋,延续近百年。在6世纪晚期,佛、菩萨名实混淆与莲花手观世音向无畏手观世音造型的转变有关。在鸠摩罗什译《观世音普门品》中,有关观世音可化身为佛和"施无畏者"记载的传播和流行,促成了金铜无畏手观世音和佛装观世音出现。佛、菩萨造像混淆现象可上溯到印度早期佛像时期,并贯穿中国佛教造像一千余年。

The author identifies at least 15 cases of misuse of inscriptions between Buddha and Bodhisattva,regarding the early gold/copper Buddha statues and steles.The cases could be grouped into six categories,the phenomenon of which ranged from the late Northern Wei Dynasty to the Sui Dynasty for nearly 100 years.In the late sixth century,the name confusion between the Buddha and Bodhisattva was related to the transformation from the lotus-gesture Guanyin to the fearless-gesture Guanyin.The Guanshiyin Pumen Pin translated by Kumarashi contributed to the emergence of the fearless-gesture Guanyin and Buddha-attired Guanyin.The confusion between Buddha and Bodhisattva statues could be traced back to the period of early Indian Buddha statues,the phenomenon of which was existent through more than a millennium history of the Chinese Buddhism statue.