13-14世纪巴黎大学思辨式基础科学教育模式探析

An Analysis of the Dialectical Pattern of Basic Sciences Education at the University of Paris in the 13 and 14 Centuries

伴随古希腊学术典籍,尤其是亚里士多德哲学和科学著作在13世纪巴黎大学艺学院的普及和流行,理性批判精神和辩证法思想汇入到传统"七艺"教学框架中,为思辨式基础科学教育模式的构建奠定了理论基础。注重逻辑思辨的教学理念渗透到"讲授"和"辩论"两大教学环节当中,形成了以"究问"和"辩驳论证"为典型特征的教学方法,重在培养学生的理性怀疑精神,崇尚自由开放的学术风气,有效地促进了科学研究与人才培养的协同发展。14世纪后半叶,在唯名论思潮的影响下,以布里丹为首的巴黎学派将词项逻辑应用于自然科学教育与研究,逻辑思辨与经验证据相结合的假说性论证成为艺学院自然哲学辩论命题的新导向。

With the popularity of the ancient Greek academic classics,especially Aristotle’s works of philosophy and science in the Art College of University of Paris in the 13th century,the spirit of rational criticism and dialectics were incorporated into the traditional teaching framework of "seven arts" and laid a theoretical foundation for the educational pattern of basic sciences.The pedagogical idea which attaches importance to logical thinking permeates into the two teaching sections of lectio and disputatio,forms the pedagogical method characterized by "inquiry" and "argument",and focuses on cultivating students’ rational and skeptical spirits and admiration of free and open academic ethos,which effectively promote the integrated coexistence and coordinated development of scientific research and talent training.In the second half of the 14th century,under the influence of nominalism,the Parisian school led by Buridan applied lexical logic into the natural education and research of natural sciences.The hypothetical argumentation combining logical speculation and empirical evidence has become a new direction of the proposition of natural philosophy debates in the College of Art.