美国隐蔽宣传行动与苏东剧变

U.S.Covert Propaganda Operations and Drastic Changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe

隐蔽宣传行动是美国冷战战略体系的重要一环。冷战爆发后,美国政府通过一系列重要文件确立了对苏联东欧集团实施隐蔽宣传行动的政策,并对苏联东欧集团实施了包括隐蔽的无线电广播、图书项目、释放气球、制造假消息、支持非政府组织活动和公共外交等大量隐蔽宣传行动。这些行动与其他公开宣传互相配合,潜移默化地改变了苏联集团受众的思想信念,激发了他们对现政权和社会制度的不满与对西方自由民主制度的向往,传播了各地反抗的信息,对20世纪80年代末的苏东剧变起了十分重要的滴水穿石和煽风点火的作用。

After the onset of the Cold War,the U.S.government established the policy of covert propaganda against the Soviet-East European bloc through a series of important documents,such as NSC4-A,NSC10/2,NSC68,and NSC162/2.The United States carried out many clandestine propaganda operations,including radio broadcasting,book programs,release of balloons,fabricating and spreading false news,supporting NGO activities,and public diplomacy.Along with other public propaganda,these operations gradually changed the ideology and belief of the audience in Soviet bloc countries.The U.S.propaganda aroused among the audience an increased sense of dissatisfaction against the political regime and social system and generated an immediate yearning for the western liberal democratic system.This article argues that by disseminating the message of resistance,such propaganda operations played an insidious and seditious role in the Soviet Union’s and Eastern Europe’s drastic changes in the late 1980 s.