煤矿顶板离层水害形成机制、致灾机理及防治技术

Formation mechanism,disaster-causing mechanism and prevention technology of roof bed separation water disaster in coal mines

顶板离层水害对煤炭生产的威胁日益增大,近年来成为矿井水害防治的研究热点。系统整理和归纳了国内外关于煤矿离层水害的研究进展,从煤矿离层水的形成机制、致灾机理、水害预测预警及关键防治技术4个方面,对煤层覆岩离层水害问题进行阐述。综述了采动覆岩离层研究及覆岩离层水形成机理,将煤层覆岩离层水的形成归纳为3个基本条件:可积水离层、离层周边存在补给水源、离层空间持续时间足够长。根据开采条件、覆岩的工程地质条件、导水通道形成原因与突水特点,从多煤层叠加开采下的重复扰动突水、多煤层叠加开采下动力突水、单煤层开采下的静水压涌突水及侏罗系煤田离层水害形成机制4个方面阐述离层水害致灾机理;重点分析了侏罗系煤田3种典型的离层突水形成机制:崔木、招贤煤矿高位离层水害形成机制、新上海一号煤矿间歇式离层突水形成机制、携泥砂型离层水害;根据能量源和表现特征将离层水害归为三大类:离层动力突水、离层静水压涌突水以及离层携泥砂井下泥石流。从可积水离层位置预判、离层突水周期性预测及离层涌突水水量预测3个方面总结了覆岩离层水害预测方面的研究进展。分析介绍了目前主要的离层水害防治方法,结合目前离层水害较为严重的鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪煤田,分析了鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗纪煤田离层水害防治的难点:高位离层突水出现的强矿压问题以及离层水害引发的溃砂问题。提出离层水害防治未来的发展与研究方向:开展离层水害采前精准预测分区研究;发展钻探、地球物理探测等勘察技术使覆岩破坏从“灰箱”变为“白箱”;发展离层水害综合防控技术体系。

The threat of roof bed separation water disaster to coal production is increasing gradually,and it has become a research hotspot of mine water disaster prevention and control in recent years.This paper systematically summarizes the research progress of roof bed separation water disaster at home and abroad,and expounds the problem of coal bed separation water disaster from four aspects:formation mechanism,disaster-causing mechanism,prediction and early warning and key prevention and control technologies.Also,the paper reviews the research on mining overlying bed separation and the formation mechanism of bed separation water,and summarizes the formation of the bed separation water into three basic conditions:the bed separation which can accumulate water,the existence of recharge water around the separation,and the separation space lasting long enough.According to the mining conditions,the engineering geological conditions of the overburden rock,water channel formation reasons and water inrush characteristics,the paper expounds the disaster-causing mechanism of the bed separation water disaster from four aspects:repeated disturbance water inrush under multi-coal seam superimposed mining,dynamic water inrush under multi-coal seam superimposed mining,hydrostatic water inrush effluent under single coal seam mining and the formation mechanism of bed-separation water disaster in Jurassic coal field.Three typical formation mechanisms of bed separation water inrush in Jurassic coalfields are mainly analyzed:the formation mechanism of Cuimu and Zhaoxian high bed separation water inrush,the formation mechanism of New Shanghai No.1 intermittent bed separation water inrush,and the mud-carrying sand type bed-separation water inrush.According to the energy source and performance characteristics,the bed separation water inrush can divide into three categories:dynamic water inrush,hydrostatic water inrush and underground debris flow with sand and mud from bed separation.The research progress of bed separation water disaster prediction is summarized from three aspects:the prediction of the position of water separation,the periodic prediction of bed separation water inrush and the prediction of bed separation water inrush.The main prevention and control methods of bed separation water disaster are analyzed and introduced,and the difficulties of the prevention and control of bed separation water disaster in Jurassic coalfields of Ordos Basin include the strong ore pressure caused by water inrushing at high bed separation level and the sand collapse caused by water inrushing at high bed separation level.The paper proposes the future development and research direction of bed-separation water damage prevention and control:to carry out the research on the accurate prediction and zoning of separated layer water disaster before mining;to develop the exploration technologies such as drilling and geophysical exploration to change the overburden damage from“gray box”to“white box”;to develop the comprehensive prevention and control technology system of separated layer water disaster.