人类活动对野化麋鹿生存的影响及保护对策

Impacts of Human Activities and Protection Measures on the Survival of Wild Elaphurus davidianus

在经济较为发达的江苏沿海地区,人类活动给不断增长的野化麋鹿Elaphurus davidianus种群带来了新的威胁。了解其中的规律有助于缓和、消除这些威胁对野化麋鹿产生的负面影响。2017年1月—2019年12月,以江苏大丰麋鹿国家级自然保护区围栏外的野化麋鹿为研究对象,对发生的野化麋鹿救助案例进行统计,分析不同年份、不同季节、不同生境救助次数和救助数量的特点,探讨所救助麋鹿的年龄结构和性别特征,总结野化麋鹿最主要的威胁因素。结果表明:共发生野化麋鹿救助次数209次,救助数量409头。不同年份野化麋鹿的救助次数(One-Way ANOVA:F=12.516,P<0.01)和救助数量(F=4.691,P<0.05)均存在显著差异,并呈现逐年增加的趋势。不同生境野化麋鹿救助次数(K-W test:Χ^(2)=28.862,P<0.01)和救助数量(Χ^(2)=25.752,P<0.01)均存在极显著差异,其中养殖塘发生的救助次数和救助数量最多。秋季野化麋鹿救助次数和救助数量较多,成年雄性麋鹿更容易受困于人类设施。落水、缠网和交通事故等造成的受困、死亡比例最高。因此应该采取“有效清除栖息地四周的障碍物、科学预留供麋鹿使用的穿越通道、增设野化麋鹿逃生通道”等措施消除野化麋鹿生存的威胁,加强野化麋鹿巡护管理,推动完善生态补偿机制,最终减少人类活动对野化麋鹿生存造成的不利影响。

In the developed coastal areas of Jiangsu Province,human activities have brought new threats to the growing population of wild milu deer(Elaphurus davidianus).Understanding their relationship is helpful to alleviate or eliminate the negative effects of the threats on wild E.davidianus.In this study,by using the rescued data of wild E.davidianus living outside of the fences of Jiangsu Dafeng Milu National Nature Reserve from January 2017 to December 2019,we analyzed the rescue frequency,number of individuals,ages and sexes of E.davidianus among different years,seasons and habitats.In addition,we also summarized the main factors that might threaten the living of E.davidianus.The results showed that 209 times and 409 individuals of wild E.davidianus were rescued during the studied period.Both rescue times(One-Way ANOVA:F=12.516,P<0.01)and rescue number of individuals(F=4.691,P<0.05)were significantly different,and showed a gradually increasing trend with years.The rescue times and rescue number of individuals among 8 habitats were also significantly different(K-W test:P<0.01).Most of the rescue times and rescue individuals were occurred in pond.For seasons,the rescue times and rescue individuals were the highest in autumn.Moreover,we also found that the adult males were more likely to be trapped by human facilities.In summary,falling into water,entangled by nets and traffic crash were the main rescue reasons.Therefore,effective conservation measures such as removing the obstacles around the habitat,reserving crossing passageways and establishing escaped routes are crucial for better protecting wild E.davidianus.Meanwhile,strengthening patrol managements and improving ecological compensation mechanisms should be applied to reduce the adverse effects of human activities on the survival of wild E.davidianus population as well.