尼采与19世纪达尔文主义

Nietzsche and Darwinism in the Nineteenth Century

尼采与达尔文的关系长期以来都是学界关心的话题。21世纪以来,约翰·理查德森重提这一议题,引起了学界争论:尼采是不是达尔文主义者?他在何种程度上受到进化论思潮的影响?以及,应当如何理解其晚期的"反达尔文"主张?虽然尼采受到进化论较大影响,但他却从未自认是达尔文信徒。尼采早期把进化论视作一种客观的自然主义;中期将之视为赫拉克利特与恩培多克勒思考方式的复活;晚期则将之视为一种传达生存之紧张的道德哲学。

The relationship between Nietzsche and Darwin has long been a hot topic in academic world. Since 21 th century, John Richardson re-focused on such topic, arousing a controversy among scholars. The focus of the controversy is: Is Nietzsche a Darwinist? To what extent was he influenced by the evolutionary thought of 19 th century? Moreover, if Nietzsche is a Darwinist, how should we understand the "anti-Darwinism" claim in his later period? This paper argues that although Nietzsche was greatly influenced by Darwinism, he never regarded himself as a disciple of Darwin. To illustrate,Nietzsche regarded Darwin’s theory of evolution as an objective naturalism in his early days.In the intermediate period, he regarded it as the resurrection of Heraclitus and Empedocles. In the later period,he regarded it as a moral philosophy that conveyed the tension of survival.