山水林田湖草系统治理:理论内涵与实践路径探析

System Governance on the Mountain-River-Forest-Farmland-Lake-Grassland:Theoretical Framework and Approaches

山水林田湖草生命共同体及其系统治理理念是中国生态文明建设的核心内容之一。山水林田湖草生命共同体兼具价值内涵、科学内涵及经济内涵,在认识论上源自天-地-人和谐共生的中国哲学传统,契合西方的生态伦理学、复杂系统科学及环境价值理论。在方法论上,山水林田湖草生命共同体作为人类与自然互动共生的社会-生态复合系统,应从狭义和广义两个维度进行协同治理。在政策实践层面,作者依据生态子系统小协同、社会-生态复合系统大协同的治理视角,对16个山水林田湖草生态保护修复工程试点项目的工程建设绩效指标进行评价,分析指出大多数试点项目设计较好体现了多种生态要素的小协同治理,但对绿色发展和生态文明建设目标的大协同领域关注和重视不足。推进山水林田湖草系统治理有两条现实路径:一是在全球气候和环境变化背景下,以流域治理和生态环境修复为重点的协同治理,其目标是恢复和提升各类自然生态子系统的服务功能、增强其气候适应性;二是在新型城镇化和绿色发展转型背景下,以自然资本和绿色基础设施投资为重点的协同规划,其目标是培育生态红利和实现生态经济。

Life Community of Mountain-River-Forest-Farmland-Lake-Grassland(MRFFLG)and its system governance are key components to build ecological civilization in China.The Life Community of MRFFLG comprises diverse connotation in values,scientific and economic dimensions.In epistemology,the economic connotation of this term originates from the Chinese traditional philosophy of the harmonious coexistence of heaven,earth and man,and conforms to the western ecological ethics,complex system science and environmental value theory.In terms of methodology,as a Social-Ecological System(SES)of interaction and symbiosis between human and nature,the Life Community of MRFFLG should be managed from narrow and broad perspectives.In view of governance on policy and practice,based on a narrow synergy on the ecological sub-system and a broad synergy on the SES complex system,this article analyzes and evaluates performance indicators of 16 pilot projects of the MRFFLG,and points out that the design of most pilot projects better reflects the narrow synergy of multiple ecological elements,but the attention to the broad synergy of green development and ecological civilization are insufficient.There are two practical approaches to promote the system governance of MRFFLG.First,under the changing global climate and environment,it needs a collaborative governance focusing on watershed and ecological environmental restoration,which aiming to restore and enhance the ecological service functions of various natural subsystems and enhance their climate adaptability.Second,under the background of new urbanization and green development transformation,it requires a collaborative planning focusing on natural capital and green infrastructure investment,which aiming to cultivate ecological dividend and ecological economy.