篮球运动典型跳跃动作助跑单脚跳的下肢力学研究

Biomechanics Analysis of Lower Extremities during Running Single Leg Jump of Basketball Players

目的:跳跃表现可能是影响比赛结果的因素,故探讨篮球运动员助跑单脚跳(running single leg jump,RSJ)动作的下肢力学特征。方法:12名男子篮球国家二级运动员,随机进行2种速度(快速与慢速)的助跑单脚跳动作。运动学参数使用Motion三维空间影像分析系统(200 Hz),动力学使用AMTI测力板(1000 Hz),肌电图资料则使用Delsys无线肌电讯号系统(2000 Hz)进行记录,并使用EvaRT 4.6同步收集3种仪器间的资料,然后经由MotionMonitor软体进行资料的转换与后续数据分析,采用SPSS统计软件进行配对样本T检验。结果:在快速RSJ的情况下,垂直与水平地面反作用力峰值(P<0.01),起跳前的重心水平速度(P<0.01),着地于起跳的离心期(P<0.01)、向心期(P<0.01)与离心发力率(P<0.01),下肢腓肠肌(GA)的预激活水平(P<0.05),蹬伸期的胫骨前肌(TA)与踝关节的共同激活比(Co-activation Ratio,CaR)(P<0.05),都显著高于慢速。结论:RSJ能刺激肌肉快速工作并提高肌肉激活水平,较高的助跑速度有助于下肢关节在单脚跳跃过程中的稳定程度,以减少伤害风险;结果也明确显示出不同速度下的力学特征差异,未来在爆发力训练的内容中,控制RSJ的助跑速度,也许是一种可行的方法,但是依然要随运动员的水平做适当的安排。

Objective:The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the biomechanics of lower extremities during running single leg jump in collegiate basketball players.Methods:Twelve division Ⅲ male basketball players voluntarily participated in this study.They performed 3 trials of the running single leg jump with 2 approach speeds(fast and slow)randomly.The kinematic data were collected by motion analysis system(200 Hz),and kinetic data were collected by AMTI force platform(1000 Hz),EMG data were recorded by Delsys surface EMG system(2000 Hz).We synchronized kinematic,kinetic and EMG system by using EvaRT 4.6.MotionMonitor software was used for data transform and analysis.Paired sample T-test of SPSS statistical software was used to compare the parameter difference.Results:Peak horizontal and vertical ground reaction force(both P<0.01),takeoff velocity of COM(P<0.01),concentric and eccentric phase before takeoff(both P<0.01)Ecc-RFD(P<0.01),GA of pre-activation phase,TA of push-off phase,and CaR of ankle were found significantly larger in fast approach speed(P<0.05).Conclusions:RSJ can improve stretch reflex and increased muscle activation level,we suggested approach run with faster speed can stabilized the lower extremity joint of RSJ for decreased injury risk.The results showed the differences in biomechanical characteristics.The running speeds control of RSJ may be a feasible training method in the future explosive training,but an appropriate plan according to the level of the athletes is still necessary.