恶意是怎么消失的——“共同关切法”与“皮卡斯效应”

How Did the Malice Disappear? The Shared Concern Method and the Pikas Effect

皮卡斯发明共同关切法用于调解学生中的疑似欺凌事件,其屡试不爽、几无败例的关键在于它对欺凌嫌疑人态度的改变。这种调解不预先侦察过错,不责备欺凌嫌疑人,不强求其赔礼道歉,淡化或抑制了疑似欺凌事件所致的认知失调,避免了欺凌嫌疑人在自我辩护中萌生或加深对受害人的憎恨和敌意。欺凌嫌疑人在调解中聚焦于对受害人艰难处境的共同关切,进而主动提出解决问题的建设性方案,最后终止欺凌并与受害人达成和解。这类友好行为引发欺凌嫌疑人一系列新的认知失调,与正向自我认知相一致的自我辩护导致其说服自己相信受害人可爱且值得尊重。这种以善意替代恶意、以一个小善举促发一系列善举的神奇效应,可谓"皮卡斯效应"。

The key to success of the Shared Concern method, invented by Anatol Pikas for the mediation of suspected bullying among students, is that it changes the attitudes of bullying suspects. The mediation, without previous exploration to the guilt, blame on the bully suspects and demand for their apology, attenuates or suppresses the cognitive dissonance caused by the suspected bullying and prevents the bullying suspects from initiating or deepening the hatred and hostility towards the victim in their selfjustification. Under mediation, the bullying suspects focus on the shared concern of the victim’s suffering, propose constructive solutions to the problem, and finally stop the bullying and reach a peace settlement with the victim. This kind of friendly behavior leads to a new set of cognitive dissonance in the bullying suspects. And their self-justification consistent with their positive selfcognition leads them to convince themselves that the victim is lovable and respectable. Such magical effect, in which kindness replaces malice and a small act of kindness triggers a series of acts of kindness, can be called"Pikas effect".