不同种植方式对土壤理化性质及玉米生长的影响

Effects of Different Planting Methods on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Maize Growth

黑龙江省西部半干旱区水土流失严重,春季玉米生长环境恶劣,为了改善土壤理化性质、促进玉米增产,研究分析深松、深松秸秆还田、深翻秸秆还田和旋耕对春季土壤理化指标和玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明:深松秸秆还田能够显著增加土壤水分和>0.25 mm土壤团粒结构占比。深翻秸秆还田能够显著增加有机质含量,降低土壤容重和pH。在苗期深松秸秆还田玉米根长、根条数、根干重、株高、茎粗、叶面积和植株干重最高。在拔节期深翻秸秆还田玉米根长、根条数、根干重、株高、茎粗、叶面积和植株干重最高。与旋耕相比,秋季深松秸秆还田和深翻秸秆还田玉米产量分别增加了2.8%和4.1%。苗期根条数的增加能够显著影响苗期茎粗、苗期植株干重。拔节期根长对拔节期株高影响显著。拔节期根干重与拔节期茎粗显著相关。>0.25 mm团粒结构利于土壤中有效磷的积累,而pH的增加不利于土壤中有机质的积累,土壤含水量的增加可以增加土壤中碱解氮、速效钾的含量。

The soil and water loss is serious in the semi-arid area of Western Heilongjiang Province.In order to improve soil physical and chemical properties and increase maize yield,the effects of subsoiling,subsoiling straw returning,deep plowing straw returning and rotary tillage on soil physical and chemical properties and maize growth and development in spring were studied.The results showed that subsoiling straw returning significantly increased soil moisture and>0.25 mm soil aggregate structure in subsoiling straw returning.Soil organic matter content increased significantly,soil bulk density and pH decreased significantly in deep plowing straw returning.At seedling stage,the root length,root number,root dry weight,plant height,stem diameter,leaf area and plant drying weight of maize were the highest in subsoiling straw returning.At the jointing stage,the root number,root dry weight,plant height,stem diameter,leaf area and plant dry weight were the highest in deep plowing straw returning.Compared with rotary tillage,maize yield in subsoiling straw returning and deep plowing straw returning increased by 2.8%and 4.1%in autumn.The increase of root number at seedling stage could significantly affect the stem diameter and dry weight at seedling stage.Root length at jointing stage had significant effect on plant height at jointing stage.There was a significant correlation between root dry weight and stem diameter at jointing stage.>0.25 mm aggregate structure was beneficial to the accumulation of available phosphorus in soil,while the increase of pH was not conducive to the accumulation of organic matter in soil.The increase of soil water content could increase the content of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium in soil.