美国“孤立湿地”保护中的“候鸟规则”及对我国湿地保护的启示

"Migratory Bird Rules"in the Protection of"Isolated Wetlands"in the United States and Implications to the Wetland Protection in China

在美国,孤立湿地与可通航水域没有水文联系,被认为不属于《清洁水法》中的“水域”,联邦无权管辖。为此,陆军工程兵团制定“候鸟规则”,作为对孤立湿地行使管辖权的依据。美国“孤立湿地”保护中的“候鸟规则”对我国的启示在于:(1)应从水文学角度界定孤立湿地,孤立湿地是指与其它水体缺乏联系、相对孤立的湿地,这更符合我国湿地政策的现状;(2)人工“孤立湿地”受保护,除了需满足一定的水文条件,还须是野生动物事实上的栖息地,不应限于建立“栖息地档案”意义下的野生动物栖息地或纳入野生动物重要栖息地名录的栖息地;(3)孤立的人工湿地如果是国家重点保护野生动物栖息地,其管辖权应由中央行使;(4)国家重点保护野生动物栖息地外的其他孤立湿地,面积达到35 hm2以上,也应由中央管辖。

In the United States,isolated wetlands with no hydrological connection with navigable waters are not considered"water"as defined in the"Clean Water Act"and federal agencies have no jurisdiction over them.The Army Corps of Engineers formulated the"Migratory Bird Rules"as the basis for exercising jurisdiction over isolated wetlands.The implications to China lies in:(1)Isolated wetlands should be defined from the perspective of hydrology and refers to those wetlands that lack connection with other water bodies and are relatively isolated;(2)Isolated artificial wetlands are protected by law,they need to meet the requirements for certain hydrological conditions,and are the de facto habitat for wild animals,neither limited to those with"habitat profiles"nor to those in the important wildlife habitats list;(3)The jurisdiction should be exercised by the central government if an artificial isolated wetland is a national key protected wildlife habitat;(4)Isolated wetlands with an area larger than 35 ha other than the national key protected wildlife habitats,should be the jurisdiction under central government.