朱元璋对儒学的认知与实践

ZHU Yuanzhang’s Cognition and Practice of Confucianism

为确立其政权的正统性,巩固其统治基础,朱元璋不但学习儒家经典,重用儒生,而且将部分儒家理论应用到政治实践之中。朱元璋尊称孔子为万世帝王之师,并将孔子的礼乐观、祭祀观、华夷观、有教无类等思想作为其施政依据。然而,他不能正确理解孔子的正名思想,误将董仲舒提出的三纲五常视为孔子的主要贡献。朱元璋对汉儒董仲舒也颇有好感,并令他得以从祀孔庙。在政治实践中,朱元璋也十分重视董仲舒提出的三纲五常和天人感应的学说。不过,在他看来,三纲五常、天人感应是先秦儒家的传统观点,而不是董仲舒的发明。朱元璋还尊称宋儒朱熹为朱子,以强调朱熹在宋代理学家中的至尊地位。在治国实践中,他确立了朱熹对儒家经典的解释在科举考试中的权威地位。但是,朱元璋对朱熹采用的观点并不盲从。生于永乐六年的名臣李贤对朱元璋驳斥朱熹的《四书章句集注》并认为朱熹迂阔的记载,并非向壁虚构。从本质上说,朱元璋是个实用主义者,他对太极、无极、理、气等理学家的抽象思辨不感兴趣,他的思想观念也不限于儒学,他屡兴大狱、滥杀功臣的行为更与儒家思想存在明显的矛盾。

In order to establish the legitimacy of his political power and consolidate the basis of his ruling,ZHU Yuanzhang not only learned Confucian classics and reused Confucian scholars,but also applied some Confucian theories into political practice.ZHU Yuanzhang honored Confucius as the teacher of all emperors,and based his administration on Confucius’ideas of etiquette,art,worship,nationality,and education.However,he could not correctly understand the real thought of Confucius,and mistakenly regarded the ethics proposed by Dong Zhongshu as Confucius’main contribution.ZHU Yuanzhang spoke highly of DONG Zhongshu,a Confucian of the Han Dynasty,and allowed him to be enshrined in the Confucius temple.In political practice,ZHU Yuanzhang attached great importance to DONGZhongshu’s proposals of ethics and heaven-human interaction which was regarded the traditional Confucian views,not DONG Zhongshu’s inventions.In order to emphasize Zhu Xi’s supremacy among Neo-Confucianism in the Song Dynasty,ZHU Yuanzhang honored ZHU Xi as ZHU Zi.He established the authoritative position of ZHU Xi’s interpretation of the Confucian classics in the imperial examinations.However,ZHU Yuanzhang did not blindly follow ZHU Xi’s views.Li Xian,a famous official born in the sixth year of Yongle,criticized to ZHU Yuanzhang ZHU Xi’s impractical records in his Si Shu Zhang Jv Ji Zhu.In essence,ZHU Yuanzhang was a pragmatist and not interested in the abstract thoughts of Neo-Confucianism such as Taiji,Wuji,Li and Qi,and his ideas were not limited to Confucianism.His repeated attempts to set up prisons and murder of outstanding officials were in obvious contradiction with Confucianism.