电子束熔丝增材制造研究进展及展望

Research Progress and Prospect of Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication

增材制造技术可以实现复杂三维结构件的快速制造,大幅度提高生产效率、减少材料损耗、降低生产成本。相比于电弧和激光增材制造技术,电子束熔丝增材制造凭借其制造成本低、加工效率高、材料利用率高等特点,逐渐成为增材制造领域的研究热点。从成形精度与缺陷调控、组织与性能特点、成形及其控制机理3个方面综合分析了国内外关于电子束熔丝增材制造的研究现状和最新成果,总结了当前研究存在的不足。在此基础上,对电子束熔丝增材制造技术未来应关注的研究方向给出建议,即实现送丝稳定性和大型复杂结构件的成形路径优化、降低构件应力集中并提升构件成形精度与性能、研究成形过程中热力分配及微观组织转变过程、引入多信号进行增材制造过程的实时监测。

Additive manufacturing technology is able to manufacture the complex parts rapidly,which can greatly improve production efficiency,reduce material loss,and reduce production costs.Compared with arc and laser additive manufacturing technology,electron beam freeform fabrication has gradually become a research hotspot due to its features such as low manufacturing cost,high processing efficiency and high material utilization.This review summarizes the research status and main problem of electron beam freeform fabrication in forming precision and defect control,structure and performance characteristics,as well as forming and control mechanism.On this basis,outstanding challenges and research opportunities for electron beam freeform fabrication are identified and discussed,which is(i)research on realizing wire feeding stability and optimizing method of electron beam path for large complex structure parts,(ii)improvement of forming accuracy and reduce internal stress,(iii)research on heat distribution and microstructure transformation,(iv)development of real-time monitoring device for additive manufacturing process.