《民法典》背景下损害概念渊流论

The Origin of the Concept of Damage under the Background of the Civil Code of PRC

《民法典》对侵害与损害的区分,给损害赔偿的体系带来了深远影响。如何理解损害的概念,是认识这一损害赔偿体系的基础。损害概念的发展历经差额假说、客观损害说及规范损害说的演变。差额假说在实践操作中具有便利性优势,且实质上是损害赔偿的填补功能及完全赔偿原则的规范表述,其作为通说的地位依然应当肯定。客观损害说及规范损害说的提出,突破了"差额即损害"的公式化倾向,在一定程度上对差额假说有所修正;但这种修正的法律基础,恰恰也在于损害填补功能的实现。损害概念的这一演变过程,可以清晰地揭示出损害赔偿的规范属性。这一规范性集中体现在损害赔偿的填补功能与完全赔偿原则,构成了损害赔偿法的价值基础,是理解司法实践不同案型中损害类型及其范围确定的依据。

The distinction between infringement and damage in the Civil Code of China has a profound impact on the damage compensation system.The understanding of the concept of damage is the basis for understanding this damage compensation system.The development of the damage concept has gone through the difference hypothesis,objective damage theory and normative damage.The difference hypothesis has the advantage of convenience in practice,and it is essentially the standard expression of the compensation function of damage compensation and the principle of complete compensation.Its status as a general theory should still be affirmed.The proposal of objective damage theory and normative damage theory breaks through the formulaic tendency of“the difference is damage”,and to a certain extent has revised the difference hypothesis;but the legal basis of this modification lies in the realization of damage compensation function.The evolution of the concept of damage can clearly reveal the normative nature of damages.This normative is embodied in the compensation function of damage compensation and the principle of complete compensation,which constitutes the value basis of the damage compensation law,and is the basis for understanding the types and scope of damages in different cases in judicial practice.