城乡孩子的大学择校差异缩小了吗——基于全国2007级与2017级大一新生调查的历时性分析

Has the Gap between Urban and Rural Children’s College Choice Narrowed:A Diachronic Analysis Based on the National Survey of Freshmen in 2007 and 2017

均衡高等教育入学机会的城乡差异既是推进社会公平的重要手段,也是近些年我国教育政策调整的重点。本文通过对全国2007级与2017级共84341份大一新生样本的调查研究对比探讨了城乡孩子的大学择校结果、满意度与决策依据的历时性变化,结果发现:经历了十年的政策调整和教育变迁,农村大学生占比有了一定的提高,集中体现为公办高职高专院校、独立学院、民办本科院校、民办高职高专院校四种类型高校中农村大学生的比例有了明显提高,但一般公办本科院校特别是重点本科院校中城市大学生的比例仍在提高;2017级城乡大学生的择校满意度均显著高于2007级,但农村大学生的满意度仍显著低于城市大学生;学费和生活费因素对农村孩子大学择校的重要性有了明显下降;城乡大学生主观择校依据存在差异的关键因子由2007年的"亲友影响"和"高校特征和学费"变化为"地缘学缘"、"高校特征和分数段"和"亲友影响",当前农村孩子大学择校更易倾向"地缘学缘"的考量和受到"高校特征和分数段"的限制。据此,本研究从发展农村中小学教育、继续降低经济因素制约、充盈农村家庭教育资本、扩大大学择校的信息渠道和支持网络等方面提出建议。

Balancing the gap between urban and rural areas in access to higher education is not only an important means to promote social equity,but also a key point of China’s education policy adjustment in recent years.By contrasting the national total of 84341 freshmen in grade 2007 and 2017 samples,this article probes into the diachronic changes of college selection results,satisfaction and decisionbasis between urban and rural children.It is found that after a decade of policy adjustment and change of education,proportion of rural students have a certain increase,expercially in public vocational colleges,independent colleges,private vocational colleges and private undergraduate universities.However,the proportion of urban students in public universities,especially in key universities,is increasing.The satisfaction degree of college choice in 2017 was significantly higher than that in2007,and the satisfaction degree of rural students was still significantly lower than that of urban students.The importance of tuition and living expenses to rural children’s college choice has decreased obviously.The key factors for the difference in the subjective basis of college choice between urban and rural students changed from"the influence of relatives and friends"and"college characteristics and tuition fees"in 2007 to"geopolitical and learning network","college characteristics and scores"and"the influence of relatives and friends".At present,rural children are more likely to consider"geographical relationship"when choosing a college and are restricted by"characteristics and grades of colleges and universities".The study puts forward countermeasures and suggestions from the aspects of improving rural primary and secondary education,continuing to reduce the constraints of economic factors,replenishing rural families’educational capital,expanding the information channel and network of college choice.