子产礼义与变法新诠--《左传》与清华简《子产》互证

A New Perspective on Zichan's View on Li-yi and His Reform Practice:Research Centering around Tso Chuan and Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

传世春秋《左传》摹写子产最工,出土《清华简》则详于郑史及子产治道,二者互证可对子产之礼义与变法再作诠释。既被誉为“春秋第一人”,子产之礼义与变法对中国传统政法思想影响深远。子产通巫而明礼,将礼奉为“天经地义”的自然秩序,蕴涵礼仪分疏之社会规范思想。当国之时作封洫、作丘赋、铸刑书,均是在周礼体制中展开的契合社会变迁、凸显政治权力的救世变法,形成《清华简》所述“令刑并举”“国野分制”的公开成文法。其时世卿世禄已然松动,子产“择能使之”与“不毁乡校”分别从政治分工与平民议政的角度彰显贤能政治之道,亦形成《清华简》所述子产有师有辅之政府模式。子产执政虽以宽惠为著,却留下“莫如猛”的政治遗言,对后来儒法思想各有启示,构成中国传统法思想的一个基础理念。

As a reformer in the late Chunqiu period,Zichan exerted a profound influence on Chinese ritual tradition with his view on Li-yi(ritual principles)and his reform practice.First,his“naturalized”view of Li-yi embodies a deconstruct approach to traditional authoritative symbols and orders.He deemed Li-yi as natural laws and orders,and separated the specific laws included in the original idea of Li and mapped out a human discipline system from Li(institutional idea)to Yi(etiquettes)from the angel of conformation to natural and social orders.Second,on such basis,he clarified the borders of fields,put forward a new corvee system(Qiufu)ordered the carving of the criminal laws(Zhu xingshu),all of which were substantial reform practice with the trends of the times within the then existing authoritative system and the institutions of Zhou.Moreover,Zichan's“Destruction of village schools being not allowed”indicates his idea of highlighting education and freedom of speech,which added new life to the view of veneration of talents dating back to the axial age.Last,Zichan also proposed an administrative idea of combining mercy with severity,which proved influential to the later Confucianism and Fa-chia(Chinese Legal School),contributing to the basic idea of traditional Chinese legal thinking.