由“屦贱踊贵”至“斩为城旦”--秦及汉初斩趾刑源流研究

Shifting from a Principal Punishment to a Supplementary One--The Origin and Evolution of Zhan Zhi as a Penalty(斩趾)

在张家山汉简《奏谳书》所载“解娶亡人为妻”案中,当事人按律应处以“黥为城旦”之刑,但因其之前曾受黥刑与劓刑,故而最终所处刑罚变为“斩左趾为城旦”。从此案出发,可以对秦及汉初的“斩趾”之刑细加琢磨。一般情况下,斩趾刑在秦及汉初的律令体系中不能单独适用,而是需要与徒刑构成复合刑罚,且在复合刑罚中处于从属地位。这一制度渊源自先秦以肉刑之人服劳役的传统,但与先秦以肉刑为主刑的情况大不相同。先秦至秦代,肉刑的地位不断下降,并最终在秦人的律令体系中丧失了主刑地位,成为依附于徒刑的刑罚。这主要是因为秦人需要保留具有行动力的人口维持耕战政策。肉刑地位下降的趋势也为汉代所继承,并最终产生了汉文帝废除肉刑的刑制改革。

Based on the case of“Jie(解)Married with a Runagate”recorded in the Zhangjiashan(张家山)bamboo slips of the Western Han period,the application of Zhan Zhi(斩趾)penalty in Qin and Han period can be researched.In general,Zhan Zhi(斩趾)was not a principal punishment in the punishment system of Qin and Han,and it must be applicated as a supplementary punishment with Chen Dan Chong(城旦舂)to constitute a compound punishment.This kind of application for Zhan Zhi(斩趾)must have developed from the pre-Qin tradition to use the person convicted with corporal punishment as forced labor for the nation.But in this tradition,the corporal punishment was still employed as a principal punishment.The shift of corporal punishment like Zhan Zhi(斩趾)to a supplementary punishment in Qin and Han period was caused by the frequent outbreaks of war and the need for the cultivation of land,both involving adequate supply of labor.