讼抑或非讼:无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻案件的审理程序问题探析——基于实证的分析

Litigation or Not:The Procedural Issues in the Adjudication of the Invalid Marriage and Revocable Marriage Cases:An Empirical Analysis

我国《婚姻法》针对违法婚姻的不同违法情形,采用了无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻的双轨制立法形式,分别予以无效或撤销的不同处理。由于我国《民事诉讼法》对无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻的审理程序并无相关规定,为了审理案件的需要,最高人民法院在《婚姻法解释(一)》中分别对审理这两类案件所适用的程序做出了规定:无效婚姻采用二分法形式,对婚姻效力的认定适用特别程序审理,其他纠纷采用普通程序或简易程序进行审理;可撤销婚姻采用普通程序或简易程序进行审理。同是处理违法婚姻的一种措施,诉诸法院后却分为非讼案件和诉讼案件,分别适用不同的程序进行审理,这样的处理方式既不科学也不合理,还人为造成了审理程序的复杂性。在司法实践中,由于司法解释的不明确及《民事诉讼法·特别程序篇》的规定都是针对每一类特殊案件单独设立的程序,因此各地法院在审理无效婚姻纠纷案件时,适用的程序主要是普通程序或简易程序,而很少采用特别程序,由此导致了审理程序中的一系列问题。可撤销婚姻纠纷虽然适用的程序明确,但在审理中却缺乏针对这类案件的特殊审理规则。结合我国正在进行的家事审判方式改革的背景,借鉴大陆法系国家的经验,对家事纠纷进行非讼化处理并制定专门的家事审判程序法,应是解决司法实务中包括无效婚姻与可撤销婚姻等家事纠纷案件由于缺乏专门的审理程序而导致的各种问题的可行之策。

In order to address different cases of illegitimate marriage,China’s Marriage Law takes the dual-track approach to either invalidate or revoke those marriages.Due to the absence of relevant provisions over the procedures of adjudicating invalid marriage and revocable marriage cases in China’s Civil Procedure Law,the People’s Supreme Court establishes separate procedures applicable to the adjudication of those two forms of cases in the First Interpretation of Marriage Law to meet the demand of hearings and trials:in addressing invalidate marriage cases,the Interpretation sets a bifurcate approach,applying the special procedures to the adjudication of marriage validity,and the normal or summary procedures to the hearing of other parts of the cases;with regard to revocable marriage cases,only the normal or summary procedures are adopted.It is neither scientific nor reasonable,and artificially complicates the adjudicating procedures for the court to divide the same form of measures to deal with illegitimate marriage cases into litigation and non-litigation ones,and apply different procedures in its hearings.Further,as a result of the ambiguity of Judicial Interpretations and the fact that the Special Procedures Chapter of the Civil Procedure Law merely establishes different procedures for each certain groups of specific cases,local courts apply mostly normal or summary procedures but rarely special procedures to their hearings of invalidate marriage cases,which triggers a series of problems in adjudicating procedures.Although the applicable procedures to revocable marriage cases are clear,specific rules aimed at the adjudication of those cases remain lacking.In the context of China’s ongoing reform of the trial approach to domestic affairs,the non-litigationization measure of domestic affairs cases and the legislation of a specific procedural law for the trial of domestic affairs in light of the lessons of civil law countries should be the solutions to various problems arising from the insufficiency of specific adjudicating procedures in the judicial practices with respect to domestic affairs cases including invalid marriage and revocable marriage.