节水灌溉模式下施肥量对小麦产量和加工品质的影响

Effects of fertilization on wheat yield and processing quality under water-saving irrigation mode

【目的】探明河套灌区小麦实现高产、优质、节水相统一的施肥量范围。【方法】以中强筋小麦品种永良4号为供试材料,于内蒙古巴彦淖尔市五原县田间进行磷肥、氮肥两因素五水平完全随机区组试验,通过方差分析、相关分析、回归分析,研究节水灌溉模式下施磷量和施氮量对小麦开花期农艺性状、产量及一、二次加工品质的影响,确定该地区小麦节水灌溉模式下优质与高产相统一的施肥量。【结果】小麦开花期多数植株形态指标(茎粗、旗叶长、旗叶宽、旗叶面积、单株叶面积),群体指标(叶面积指数、干物质),光合生理指标(SPAD、净光合速率)随施磷量和施氮量的增加表现为先升高后降低的变化趋势。小麦产量随着施磷量和施氮量的增加均呈先升高后降低的趋势。小麦籽粒的一、二次加工品质均随施氮量的增加呈线性增加趋势,随施磷量的增加呈先升高后降低趋势。施磷量、施氮量及其互作对小麦产量和加工品质影响程度表现为施氮量>施磷量>氮磷互作。小麦籽粒产量与蛋白质含量间存在极显著正相关关系,适当增加施肥量可同步提高小麦的产量和品质。河套灌区小麦节水灌溉模式下优质与高产相统一的施磷(P_(2)O_(5))量为66.2~72.5 kg/hm^(2),施氮(纯N)量为181.7~193.3 kg/hm^(2);与农户常规施肥量比较,该施肥模式施磷量减少44.3%~49.1%,施氮量减少19.5%~24.3%,产量提高12.4%,蛋白质产量增加15.7%。【结论】磷肥和氮肥合理配施有利于小麦产量与品质的协同提高。

【Objective】This study aimed to explore the fertilizer application rates to obtain high yield,high quality,and water-saving wheat in the Hetao Irrigation District.【Method】In Wuyuan County,Bayannur,Inner Mongolia,the medium-strong gluten wheat variety Yongliang 4 was selected for a five-level completely random block test of phosphorus and nitrogen in field.Through variance analysis,correlation analysis and regression analysis,the effects of phosphorus and nitrogen application on agronomic traits at flowering stage,yield,and primary and secondary processing quality of wheat in the water-saving irrigation mode were studied.The amount of fertilization integrated with high quality and high yield under the water-saving irrigation model of wheat in this region was determined.【Result】With the increase of phosphorus application rate and nitrogen application rate,most morphological indicators(stalk thickness,flag leaf length,flag leaf width,flag leaf area and leaf area per plant),group indexes(leaf area index and dry matter),and photosynthetic physiological indexes(SPAD and net photosynthetic rate)of wheat at the flowering stage showed the trend of increasing first and then decreasing.The yield of wheat increased first and then decreased with the increase of phosphorus and nitrogen application.The primary and secondary processing quality of wheat showed a linear increasing trend with the increase of nitrogen application,but it firstly increased and then decreased with the increase of phosphorus application.The effect of phosphorus application,nitrogen application and their interaction on wheat yield and processing quality were in the order of nitrogen application>phosphorus application>nitrogen and phosphorus interaction.There was a very significant positive correlation between wheat grain yield and protein content.Appropriately increasing amount of fertilizer can simultaneously increase wheat yield and quality.Under the water-saving irrigation mode,the recommended high-quality and high-yield phosphorus application(P_(2)O_(5))rate was 66.2-72.5 kg/hm^(2),and the nitrogen application(pure N)rate was 181.7-193.3 kg/hm^(2).Compared with conventional fertilization application of farmers,this fertilization mode reduced phosphorus application by 44.3%-49.1%and nitrogen application reduces by 19.5%-24.3%,while increased yield by 12.4%and protein yield by 15.7%.【Conclusion】The rational combination of phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer was beneficial to the synergistic improvement of wheat yield and quality.