美国高校应对新冠肺炎疫情策略初探——基于危机管理视角的分析

A Preliminary Study on Coping Strategies of American Universities in the Context of COVID-19 Epidemic——Analysis from the Perspective of Crisis Management

新冠肺炎疫情对美国社会造成严重冲击,迫使高校采取紧急措施应对。运用危机管理4R理论对美国斯坦福大学与加州大学伯克利分校应对新冠肺炎疫情的策略进行全过程分析后发现:两校在缩减管理阶段侧重短期医疗手段而忽视疫情的复杂性;在预备管理阶段重视监测信息发布并采取初步行动;反应管理阶段强调远离感染风险而难以兼顾学校长期运行;恢复管理阶段缺乏实施秋季复学计划的外部条件。由此可知,两所高校的缩减管理危机意识不足且已有经验难以预防新危机;尽早建立官方预警平台能够提高预备管理效率;反应管理的重点被迫转移到维持学校长期运行上;恢复管理程度有限且必须同时兼顾缩减管理。

The COVID-19 epidemic has a serious impact on American society,forcing colleges and universities to take urgent measures to respond.Analyzing from the perspective of the 4R theory of crisis management,Stanford University and University of California,Berkeley,have shown the following characteristics in coping with COVID-19.In the stage of reduction management they focus on short-term medical means while ignoring the complexity of the epidemic.In the readiness management stage,they attach importance to monitoring information release and take initial action.In the stage of response management,they emphasize to keep away the risk of infection while unable to take into account the long-term operation of the university.In the recovery management stage,there is no favorable external condition for implementing the autumn resumption plan.Therefore,universities are lacking crisis awareness and experience to prevent new crisis.The establishment of official early warning platform can improve the efficiency of preparatory management;the focus of response management is forced to shift to maintaining the long-term operation;the degree of recovery management is limited,and the reduction management must be taken into account at the same time.