晚清徽州童试科场生态镜像窥略——以詹鸣铎《我之小史》为考察中心

A glimpse of the ecological image of Hui-zhou children's laboratory in the late Qing Dynasty

晚清徽州基层科场是探知末代徽州渐趋衰颓及其士风世俗嬗变缘由的重要窗口。文章立足徽州童试科场的镜像观察,从科场舞弊、科举纠讼、科考花费三个方面进行探讨,发现晚清徽州基层科场舞弊之风极为严重,已经达到难以禁绝的地步;徽州主仆矛盾进一步加剧,基层科场冒籍混考现象时常发生,科举纠纷诉讼繁杂难息,徽州世仆制遭受强力冲击,预示晚清徽州宗族对地方社会控制力明显削弱;徽州士子对科举功名无比崇奉变相刺激了徽州乡镇的经济发展,催生出一批新型的乡村商业形式,间接徒增徽州举士的经济负担。科举过程中的生活花费、考试花费和人情花费等主要花销给徽州士人产生普遍的经济压力。晚清徽州衰颓溯因,必然与其世风腐浊、士风衰靡有着密切关系。

The Hui-zhou basic institution in the late Qing Dynasty was an important window to explore the gradual decline of Hui-zhou in the last era and the reasons for the secular changes of the scholars.Based on the mirror observation of the Hui-zhou Children's Examination Center,the article discusses the fraud in the examination,the imperial examination litigation,and the expenditure of the scientific examination.The conflict between masters and servants in Hui-zhou has further intensified.The phenomenon of false and mixed examinations in grassroots institutions often occurred.The imperial examination disputes and litigation were complicated and difficult to end.The incomparable worship of imperial examinations stimulated the economic development of Hui-zhou townships,and gave birth to a number of new forms of rural business,which indirectly increased the economic burden of Hui-zhou scholars.The main expenses of living expenses,examination expenses and favor expenses during the imperial examination process put general economic pressure on Hui-zhou scholars.The decline and decline of Hui-zhou in the late Qing Dynasty was closely related to the corruption of the world and the decline of scholars.