高坝泄洪消能技术研究进展和展望

Hydraulics of high-speed flows:recent achievements and future outlook

近40年来,我国水利水电工程建设蓬勃发展,建成了一大批具有世界级水平的水电工程,涌现了许多创新技术,推动了我国在高水头大流量泄洪消能方面的研究达到世界先进水平。本文重点梳理和评述我国在高水头大流量泄洪消能方面所取得的最新研究成果,包括全断面掺气减蚀技术、高拱坝表-深孔空中碰撞和无碰撞挑流消能、高重力坝多股多层淹没射流跌坎底流消能、燕尾挑坎、翻卷挑坎、洞塞式、旋流式及阶梯式内流消能等新技术。对今后中长期的水利水电工程建设面临的高坝水力学问题研究进行了展望。

In the past 40 years,the construction of water conservancy and hydropower projects in China has developed rapidly.A large number of world-class hydropower projects have been built,and a variety of innovative technologies have emerged,which has promoted the research on flood discharge and energy dissipation of the high head and large discharge flows in China to reach the global advanced level.This paper focuses on a review of the latest research achievements in flood discharge and energy dissipation of high head and large discharge in China,including full section aeration and erosion reduction technology,high arch dam flip bucket energy dissipation of air collision and non-collision nappes from surface and deep outlets,high gravity dam energy dissipation of multi-layer submerged jet bottom flows,stepped spillways,and internal flow energy dissipators of dovetail flip buckets,roll flip buckets,tunnel plugging,and swirl generators.A prospect of high dam hydraulics in the future is presented.