Initial Electrode Kinetics of Anion Intercalation and De-intercalation in Nonaqueous Al-Graphite Batteries

Graphitic materials with intercalated sites are considered as the mostly used positive electrode materials in nonaqueous Al batteries.Unlike the small-size cations,the intercalation/de-intercalation of large-size anions into/out of graphite would induce large volume expansion and micro-structure reconfiguration,leading to unexpected coulombic efficiency in the full cells(<95%within initial several cycles).