历史的义理之维--程颐历史观念的层次、方法及流布

The Argumentation Dimension of History:Levels,Methods and Spread of Cheng Yi’s Historical Concepts

在以义理为新变的北宋史学思潮中,程颐将历史视作其“天理”观的重要组成部分,将“理”作为评判史事的首要标准,并以此审视历史大势与臧否人物,使用道德主义展开历史评价。在北宋中期《春秋》学的热潮中,程颐由自身《春秋》学取法,将史学看作经学之延伸,使史学义理化,从而作为格物穷理的来源之一,最终目的是建构儒家理想的政治秩序。在程颐之后,杨时、朱熹、许衡、郝经等人不断完善并强化程颐的义理史学传统,随着理学官学化的趋进而广布全国,深刻影响了宋元时期的历史编纂与史论。而从北宋思想史、政治史转型的视角切入,程颐的历史观念则是个体感知与时代语境结合的产物,在史学理论层面具有创新意义,是其观察历代政治秩序的成果,组成并完善了其思想体系,因而具有多层次的阐释空间。

In the ideological trend of the North Song Dynasty with justice and principles as the new change,Cheng Yi regarded history as an important component of his view of“Tianli”(天理),and he took“Li”(理)as the primary criterion to judge historical events,examine historical trends and evaluate figures.Cheng Yi used moralism to carry out historical evaluation.In the upsurge of the studies of“Spring and Autumn Annals”(春秋)in the mid-North Song Dynasty,Cheng Yi learned from his own“Spring and Autumn Annals”and regarded history as an extension of the studies of Confucian classics.In this way,the historiography was rationalized and used as one of the sources to investigate and probe into the truth of things.His ultimate goal was to construct a Confucian ideal political order.After Cheng Yi,Yang Shi(杨时),Zhu Xi(朱熹),Xu Heng(许衡),Hao Jing(郝经)and other philosophers continued to improve and strengthen Cheng Yi’s historiography tradition.With the officialization of Neo-Confucianism,it spread throughout the country,which profoundly affected the compilation and theory of history in the Song Dynasty and Yuan Dynastiy.From the perspective of the history of thought and political history of the North Song Dynasty,Cheng Yi’s historical concept is the product of the combination of individual perception and the context of the times.Cheng Yi has innovative significance at the level of historical theory.It is the result of his observation of the political order of the past dynasties,which constitutes and perfects his ideological system,and thus has a multi-level space for interpretation.