非物质劳动条件下马克思的劳动价值论过时了吗——评哈特和奈格里基于“共同性”的价值理论

Is Marx’s Labor Theory of Value Outdated under Immaterial Labor Conditions: On Hardt and Negri’s Value Theory of “the Common”

哈特和奈格里根据当代资本主义劳动范式的转型提出了非物质劳动概念,并认为在非物质劳动条件下马克思的劳动价值论需要做出修正,进而提出了基于"共同性"的价值理论。本文通过批判性地分析他们的观点,得出以下结论:(1)以"工作时间与生活时间的模糊"来质疑马克思的劳动价值论是对劳动价值论的误读,马克思的"社会必要劳动时间计量商品价值量"是抽象意义的"计量",是对本质的规定,而非具体意义的"计量",它由商品生产与交换的社会过程客观决定,不能以具体意义的"劳动时间难以测量"来否定价值的质的规定;(2)基于"共同性"的价值理论服务于哈特和奈格里主体政治的理论建构思路,他们对价值的解读具有很强的主体性特征,这种价值与其说是商品价值,不如说是政治价值;(3)哈特和奈格里的理论建构方法,早已脱离了辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义,走向唯心主义。因此,当代资本主义的政治经济学批判仍应建立在马克思劳动价值论的基础之上。

Hardt and Negri have proposed immaterial labor based on transforming the contemporary capitalist labor paradigm. They argue that Marx’s labor theory of value needs to be revised under the immaterial labor conditions and put forward the value theory based on "the common." By analyzing their theory, this article draws the following conclusions:(1) Arguing that Marx’s labor theory of value cannot distinguish working time and leisure time is a misunderstanding of the theory. The socially necessary labor time is an abstract concept, not a concrete one. It is a quality measure determined by the social process of commodity production and exchange. Therefore, it is not compelling to challenge a qualitative measure by a quantitive argument.(2) "The common" theory only serves Hardt and Negri’s ideology, whose interpretation is quite subjective. The theory matches political value rather than commodity value.(3) Hardt and Nigri’s theoretical construction methods have long been off from dialectical materialism and historical materialism, but on to the idealism track. Therefore, contemporary capitalism’s political economy criticism should still follow Marx’s labor theory of value.