中俄两国的发展道路是否验证了马克思的设想?——基于马克思“跨越论”的视角

Whether the Development Path of China and Russia Verifies Marx’s Vision?—— Based on the Perspective of Marx’s Leaping Theory

马克思关于落后国家有可能避免经历挫折、跨越资本主义阶段直接建设社会主义的设想,是对人类社会一般形态发展原理在特殊国情条件下的突破。梳理不同时期马克思恩格斯关于"跨越论"的有关论述,可以发现革命导师对这个问题的判断也是发展的、辩证的。为验证"跨越论"的思想能否指导社会主义实践,首先,比较中俄两国的土地改革和农村公社的性质、成熟度发现,中国相比于俄国具备相对优越的跨越前提条件;其次,用事实和数据说话,证明了两国选择跨越资本主义道路的优越性。不过由于历史条件所限,先进社会制度的巩固及其优越性发挥可能需要经历曲折、反复和漫长的过程;最后,从吸取苏联解体的教训和有效发挥内外部优势等角度分析中国深入研究马克思有关跨越资本主义阶段的理论的必要性。

Marx’s assumption that backward countries may avoid setbacks and build socialism across the capitalist stage directly is a breakthrough in the development of the general pattern of human society under special national conditions. By combing the Marx and Engels’ relevant expositions on the "Leaping Theory"in different periods,we can find that the revolutionary pioneers’ judgment on this issue is also developing and dialectical. In order to verify whether the thought of "Leaping Theory"can guide the practice of China and Russia,firstly,compare the preconditions such as land reform,the nature and maturity of rural communes which finds that China has relatively superior preconditions for "leaping"compared to Russia. Secondly,facts and data are used to prove the superiority of the two countries’ choice of socialist road. However,due to historical conditions,the consolidation of the advanced social system and its superiority may require a tortuous,repetitive and long process;Finally,from the perspectives of exerting internal and external advantages effectively,learning from the disintegration of the Soviet Union,handling the relationship with capitalist countries properly,and building a community with a shared future for mankind,China still needs to study Marx’s theory of transcending the stage of capitalism.