清末民初地方金融机构转型中的多方博弈——以官银号改制省银行为例

Multi-Party Competition in the Transformation of the Official Bank Account into the Modern Bank in the Late Qing Dynasty and Early Republic of China

清中后期,为了调控银钱并行的货币制度,通过银钱比价稳定财政收入,地方政府纷纷设立官银号。各省官银号因滥发纸币、管理混乱等痼疾,对当时的金融秩序造成严重破坏。中央政府要求各省对官银号进行整顿和改制,而地方当局也希望官银号改制银行后能发挥更重要的金融作用。改制过程中,各省官银号虽尝试向现代银行的转变,但官股仍占重要比例,商股从无到有,却无法起到更大作用,甚至被迫退出。另一方面中央政府企图将各省银行改为中央银行分行,进行垂直管理,各省不甘财权旁落,拒绝中央要求,双方为此进行了多番博弈。官银号因改制不彻底,存在无法克服的弊病。但是,官银号向银行的过渡,却是走向现代金融机构的必然途径。

In the middle and late of the Qing dynasty,in order to regulate the monetary system of silver and copper,and stabilize the fiscal revenue through the price comparison between silver and copper,the provincial governments set up official banks one after another.However,due to chronic diseases such as excessive issuance of banknotes and disordered management,the financial order of provincial official banks has been seriously damaged.The central government required the provinces to restructure and transform the official bank account into the modern bank which could play a more important financial role.In the process of restructuring,although the provincial official banks tried to change to modern banks,the official share still accounted for an important proportion and the newly-emerged business share could not play a greater role and were eventually forced to quit.On the other hand,the central government aimed to achieve vertical management by making the provincial banks the branches of the central bank while provinces rejected the central government’s request in consideration of controlling financial rights.Therefore,there existed insurmountable drawbacks due to the incomplete restructuring.The transition from the official bank to the modern bank is an inevitable way to modern financial institutions.