民间文学创作年代推衍:基于“窝车库乌勒本”氏族与婚姻制度的解读

A Study on the Creation of Folk Literature:An Interpretation Based on the Clan and Marriage System of“Wocheku Ulabun”

民间文学因集体性、变异性特征,很难确定文本的创作年代,尤其是那些无文字民族早期的民间文学样式。若要给予大致的判断,需从文本入手,结合同时代的历史、考古发现等相关情况。作为20世纪初被世人所知的超级文类——满族说部反映了满族及其先世从远古至清末、民国不同时期的生活。其中“窝车库乌勒本”反映的时代久远,其产生的年代众说不一。这一类文本在流传过程中变异性较大,若判断其最初产生年代需要对文本进行层层剥茧。本文拟依据恩格斯、摩尔根关于婚姻家庭制度的相关理论,从“生产生活方式”“氏族到部落联盟的形成”“族内到族外的婚姻制”三方面解析其中四个文本,初步判断文本产生年代的大致顺序。

Due to the collectivity and variability of folk literature,it is difficult to date the creation age of the text,especially the early folk literature genre of those ethnic groups without written language.To give a general judgment,it is necessary to start from the text and combine relevant information such as contemporary history and archaeological discoveries.As a new super genre known to the world at the beginning of the 20th century,Manchu Shuobu reflects the life of Manchu and their ancestors in different periods from ancient times to the end of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China.Among them,“Wocheku Ulabun”is a kind of text with a long history,and there are different opinions about its creation time.This kind of text has great variability in the process of spreading,so it is necessary to analyze the text step by step to judge the age of its original generation.Based on the theories of Friedrich Engels and Morgan on the marriage and family system,this paper analyzes four texts from three aspects and preliminarily judges the chronological order of the texts.