晚清矿业开发的社会制约与矿局应对——以湖北开采煤铁总局为中心

The Social Constraints of Mining Exploitation and the Response of Mining Administration in the Late Qing Dynasty——Based on the Hubei Coal and Iron Mining Administration

晚清新式矿业肇始于洋务运动期间,为避免国家利权外流,煤、铁开采成为时局中的重要话题。盛宣怀奉李鸿章钧旨前往湖北广济一带办矿,面对来自以地方士绅为主导的社会力量的阻碍,盛宣怀及矿业当局在借助官方力量的同时,与地方达成利益均沾。但是在具体的开办过程中,矿业当局仍面临一定程度上的社会制约。晚清新式矿业遭遇的社会制约源于传统“国家中的社会”的既有权力与社会对国家现代化意义认识的欠缺。社会制约对晚清矿业利弊兼有。因社会制约而形成的办矿门槛,虽增加矿企运转负担,阻碍矿企正常发展,但也减少了矿企不必要的社会竞争与资源浪费,且利于地方生态经济的可持续发展。理清“国家”与“社会”在矿业开发中应扮演的角色仍具有现实意义。

The new-style mining started during the Westernization Movement in the late Qing Dynasty.To avoid the outflow of national profits and rights,coal and iron mining became important topics in that time.Under the official edict of Li Hongzhang,Sheng Xuanhuai went to Guangji area of Hubei province to start mining.Faced with the obstacles from the social forces dominated by the local squire,Sheng Xuanhuai and the mining authorities,while leveraging official power,agreed to share the benefits with the local community.However,during the start-up process,the mining authorities to some extend still faced social constraints.The social constraints encountered by the new-style mining in the late Qing Dynasty originated from the established power of the traditional"society in the country"and the lack of social understanding of national modernization.Social constraints have both advantages and disadvantages to mining industry in late Qing Dynasty.The threshold of mining formed by social constraints,although increased the burden of mining enterprises and hindered the normal development of mining enterprises,also reduced unnecessary social competition and waste of resources from mining enterprises,which was conducive to the sustainable development of local ecological economy.It is still relevant to clarify the roles that the"country"and"society"should play in mining development.