马克思人民主体性的国家建构思想——基于《黑格尔法哲学批判》的探讨

Karl Marx’s Thought on the Construction of the State with People as its Subjectivity:Based on Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right

马克思突破了原子式个体和国家伦理实体两极对立的政治哲学研究方式,从现实的、具有社会特质的个人出发,提出了人民主体性的国家建构思想。马克思批判了黑格尔立宪君主制的国家观,揭露了黑格尔通过国家伦理实体规范个人、实现普遍利益和特殊利益统一观点的抽象思辨性,并同主张通过抽象个体间的契约形成"公意"的国家观划清了界限。马克思把民主制作为同国家的人民基础相契合的制度,主张建构人民性的行政权和立法权有机统一的国家体系,以便解决市民社会和国家分离、劳动和享受分离的问题。马克思从现实的个人出发的政治哲学研究方式、重视国家解决社会利益矛盾效能的观点、把建构人民主体性的国家作为实现人民自由的重要途径的思想等,具有重要的启示意义。

Karl Marx broke through the political-philosophical research method with the bipolar opposition between atom-like individuality and state ethical entity, and starting from the realistic individuals with social characteristics, he put forward the thought on the construction of the state with people as its subjectivity. He also criticized Hegel’s concept of state - constitutional monarchy, which denied people’s sovereignty, disclosed the abstract speculation of Hegel’s views on normalizing individuals and realizing the unity of universal and special interests by state ethical entity, and distanced himself from Hegel’s concept of state, which advocated the formation of "universal will" through contracts between abstract individuals. Marx regarded democracy as an institution compatible with people’s foundation of the state. He advocated the construction of a state institution with an organic unity of the administrative power and the legislative power that are affinity to the people, so as to solve such problems as the separation of the civic society from the state, and the separation of labor from enjoyment. Starting from his realistic individual political-philosophical research method, Marx attached importance to his view on the state’s efficiency in solving the contradictions between social interests, and held that the construction of the state with people as its subjectivity was an important way to realize the freedom of the people. His views are of great enlightening significance.