1297年危机:英国议会与王权的初次较量和妥协

The Crisis of 1297:The First Contest and Compromise between Parliament and the King in Medieval England

1297年危机是英国中世纪历史上最严重的政治危机之一。这场危机由欧洲大陆加斯科尼领地之争引发,与不列颠岛内威尔士叛乱、苏格兰民族抗英斗争等纠缠在一起,一度严重冲击金雀花王朝在英国统治的合法权威。在议会及教会、民众阶层的压力下,爱德华一世被迫调整其政治理念,三次确认大宪章和林区宪章,承认和扩充臣民代表的合法权利、权益,王权以"紧急需要"和"公共福祉"之名肆意征税被限制,"众意"或"公议许可"内涵进一步丰富,"王在法下"观念再次成为社会共识。这场危机在议会与王权的博弈中暂时化解,促进了英国议会成长,对国内经济环境及对外关系也产生了重要影响。

The crisis of 1297 was one of the most serious political crises in medieval England.It was triggered by the Gascoigne territory dispute of in the European continent,entangled with the Welsh rebellion on the British Island and the Scottish national struggle against Britain,and once seriously impacted the legitimate authority of the House of Plantagenet in British rule.Under the pressure of the parliament,the church and the public,Edward I was forced to adjust his political ideas,confirmed the Magna Carta and the Forest Charter three times,and recognized and expanded the legitimate rights and interests of the representatives of the subjects.The King’s power was restricted from collecting taxes wantonly in the name of"urgent need"and"public welfare".The connotation of"public will"or"public permission"was further enriched,and the concept of"king under the law"had once again become a social consensus.The crisis was temporarily resolved in favor of the parliament,which promoted the growth of the British Parliament and also had an important impact on the domestic economic environment and foreign relations.